The Future: six drivers of global change Part 90

"The four bases-ATCG," Scitable, Nature Education, 2012, http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/the-four-bases-atcg-6491969.

59 "device the size of your thumb could store"

Robert Lee Hotz, "Harvard Researchers Turn Book into DNA Code," Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2012.

60 discovered by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin

Lynne Osman Elkin, "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix," Physics Today 56, no. 3 (March 2003): 4248.

61 exactly fifty years later, the human genome was sequenced

US Department of Energy, Office of Science, "History of the Human Genome Project," June 4, 2012, http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/hgp.shtml.

62 they are beginning to sequence RNA

Genetics Home Reference, "RNA," http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=rna.

63 system to convey the information that is translated into proteins

"RNAi," Nova scienceNOW, PBS, July 26, 2005, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/rnai.html.

64 cells that make up all forms of life

Genetics Home Reference, "Protein," http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=protein.

65 being a.n.a.lyzed in the Human Proteome Project

Human Proteome Organisation, "Human Proteome Project (HPP)," 2010, http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/.

66 patterns that affect their function and role

ThermoScientific, "Overview of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)," http://www.piercenet.com.

67 ways that extend their range of functions and control their behavior

Ibid.

68 The Human Epigenome Project has made major advances

G. G. Sanghani et al., "Human Epigenome Project: The Future of Cancer Therapy," Inventi Impact: Pharm Biotech & Microbio 2012, http://www.inventi.in/Article/pbm/94/12.aspx.

69 epigenetic breakthroughs are already helping cancer patients

"Epigenetics Emerges Powerfully as a Clinical Tool," Medical Xpress, September 12, 2012, http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-09-epigenetics-emerges-powerfully-clinical-tool.html.

70 transform and commandeer them

Denise Caruso, "Synthetic Biology: An Overview and Recommendations for Antic.i.p.ating and Addressing Emerging Risks," Science Progress, November 12, 2008, http://scienceprogress.org/2008/11/synthetic-biology/.

71 custom chemicals that have value in the marketplace

Caruso, "Synthetic Biology."

72 less effective insulin produced from pigs and other animals

Lawrence K. Altman, "A New Insulin Given Approval for Use in U.S.," New York Times, October 30, 1982.

73 significant improvements in artificial skin

Charles Q. Choi, "Spider Silk May Provide the Key to Artificial Skin," MSNBC, August 9, 2011; Katharine Sanderson, "Artificial Skins Detect the Gentlest Touch," Nature, September 12, 2010.

74 synthetic human blood

Fiona Macrae, "Synthetic Blood Created by British Scientists Could Be Used in Transfusions in Just Two Years," Daily Mail, October 28, 2011.

75 diverse as fuel for vehicles