The Liberty Amendments Part 6

19. Ibid., 259.

20. Ibid., 267.

21. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. V.

22. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), 33.

23. Ibid., 105.

24. Ibid., 649.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 610.

27. Madison, The Federalist, 246.

28. Robert G. Natelson, "The State-Application-and-Convention Method of Amending the Const.i.tution: The Founding Era Vision," 29 Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 9 (2011).

29. The state legislatures can recommend specific language or amendments, but cannot seek to impose them through the application process as Article V empowers the delegates to the convention to propose amendments, which the states subsequently consider for ratification. The applications from the states must also be similar in subject area to reasonably conclude that two-thirds of the states are calling for a convention to address the same matters. See ibid.

30. Madison, Notes on Debates, 649.

31. Hamilton, The Federalist, 486.

2. An Amendment to Establish Term Limits for Members of Congress 1. "Historical Elections, Election Stats, 2010 cycle," Center for Responsive Politics, Opensecrets.org, http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/elec_stats.php?cycle=2010 (April 18, 2013).

2. "Historical Elections, Election Stats, 2008 cycle," Center for Responsive Politics, Opensecrets.org, http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/elec_stats.php?cycle=2008 (April 18, 2013).

3. Ronald Rotunda, "A Commentary on the Const.i.tutionality of Term Limits," in The Politics and Law of Term Limits, Edward H. Crane and Roger Pilon, eds. (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Cato, 1994), 141.

4. Mark P. Petracca, "Restoring 'The University in Rotation': An Essay in Defense of Term Limitation," in The Politics and Law of Term Limits, Edward H. Crane and Roger Pilon, eds. (Was.h.i.+ngton DC: Cato, 1994), 74.

5. Pennsylvania Const.i.tution, Section 8-September 28, 1776, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa08.asp (April 18, 2013).

6. Pennsylvania Const.i.tution, Section 19-September 28, 1776, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa08.asp (April 18, 2013).

7. Articles of Confederation, Art. V, cl. 2, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/artconf.asp (April 18, 2013).

8. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), 5253.

9. Petracca, "Restoring 'The University in Rotation,'" 60.

10. Thomas Jefferson, "Letter to James Madison, December 20, 1787," in Memoir, Correspondence and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 2nd ed., Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., vol. 2 (Boston: Gray & Bowen, 1830), http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/7/8/16782/16782-h/16782-h.htm#link2H_4_0119 (April 18, 2013).

11. Jefferson, "Letter to Samuel Adams, February 26, 1800," in Memoir, Correspondence and Miscellanies, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16783/16783-h/16783-h.htm#link2H_4_0258 (April 18, 2013).

12. Petracca, "Restoring 'The University in Rotation,'" 6970.

13. U.S. Const.i.tution, Twenty-Second Amendment.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Doc.u.ments and Debates, 17741875, Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 1st Congress, 1st Session, July 16, 1789 (Library of Congress), 66871, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=001/llac001.db&recNum=335.

17. Ibid., 67174, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=001/llac001.db&recNum=337.

18. Ida A. Brudnick, "Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables," Congressional Research Service, Jan. 15, 2013, http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid='*2%404P%5C%5B%3A%22%40%20%20%0A (April 18, 2013).

19. "States with gubernatorial term limits," Ballotpedia, http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/States_with_gubernatorial_term_limits (April 18, 2013).

20. Virginia Const.i.tution, Art. V, Section 1.

21. "Utah Set to Repeal Term Limits," National Conference of State Legislatures, March 26, 2003, http://www.ncsl.org/legislatures-elections/legisdata/utah-set-to-repeal-term-limits.aspx (April 18, 2013).

22. "The Term Limited States," National Conference of State Legislatures, January 2013, http://www.ncsl.org/legislatures-elections/legisdata/chart-of-term-limits-states.aspx (April 18, 2013).

23. Madison, Notes of Debates, 371.

24. Frank Newport, "Congress Approval Stagnant at Low Level," Gallup, Politics, March 11, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/161210/congress-approval-stagnant-low-level.aspx (April 18, 2013).

3. An Amendment to Restore the Senate 1. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. I, Section 3.

2. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), 31.

3. Ibid., 40 4. Ibid., 41.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid. Delegates from Vermont and New Hamps.h.i.+re had not yet arrived and taken their seats at the convention. Rhode Island chose to send no delegates to the convention and did not, in fact, ratify the Const.i.tution until May 29, 1790. The rules the convention adopted prior to beginning deliberations required states to vote as a unit. If a majority of delegates from a state were unable to come to an agreement, that state's vote would be counted as divided.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., 4142.

9. Ibid., 42.

10. Debates in the Several State Conventions, Jonathon Elliott, ed., vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1901), 398.

11. Ibid., 399.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Rufus King, The Life & Correspondence of Rufus King, Charles R. King, ed., vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1894), 596.

15. Ibid., 597.

16. Ibid. (emphasis in original).

17. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 209.

18. Ibid., 213.

19. Pauline Maier, Ratification-The People Debate the Const.i.tution, 17871788 (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2010), 175.

20. Ibid., 177.

21. James Madison, "Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention in Defense of the Const.i.tution," in Writings, Jack N. Rakove, ed. (New York: Library of America, 1999), 36263.

22. Jay S. Bybee, "Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Siren's song of the Seventeenth Amendment," 91 Northwestern University Law Review 500, 520 (1997). The practice of state legislatures issuing instructions to senators on pending legislation became almost ubiquitous before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment. In some cases, senators who believed that they could not, in good conscience, follow their instructions resigned or refused to stand for reelection later on. Suggestions were made by a few delegates to state conventions (at other times in congressional debates over changing the way senators were chosen) that it might be appropriate to give state legislatures the power to recall senators who failed to follow instructions, but the potential for malfeasance and abuse of that authority were self-evident and the subject was quickly abandoned. The only power the state legislature would have would be the right to deny the senator reelection.

23. Ibid., 536.

24. Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Record (various sources in each).

25. Ibid.

26. Brandon Stewart, "List of 27 States Suing Over Obamacare," Heritage Foundation, The Foundry blog, Jan. 17, 2011, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/01/17/list-of-states-suing-over-obama care/ (April 15, 2013).

27. "Republicans Make Historic Gains in State Legislatures, Pick Up Hundreds of Seats," FoxNews.com, Nov. 3, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/11/03/republicans-make-historic-gains-state-legislatures-pick-hundreds-seats (April 15, 2013).

28. Sarah Torre, "Americans Continue to Oppose Obamacare's HHS Mandate," Heritage Foundation, The Foundry blog, April 11, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/04/11/americans-continue-to-oppose-obamacares-hhs-mandate (April 15, 2013).

4. An Amendment to Establish Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices and Super-Majority Legislative Override 1. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. III, Section 1.

2. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. I, Section 2.

3. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), 61.

4. Ibid., 63.

5. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 42829.

6. Robert Yates, "Brutus Essay No. 11," in Anti-Federalist Papers and the Const.i.tutional Convention Debates, Ralph Ketcham, ed. (New York: Signet Cla.s.sic, 2003), 293.

7. Yates, "Brutus Essay No. 15," in Anti-Federalist Papers, 308.

8. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 178 (1803).

9. Thomas Jefferson, "Letter to Abigail Adams, September 11, 1804," in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, ed., vol. 11 (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial a.s.sociation of the United States, 1904), 5051.

10. Thomas Jefferson, "Letter to William Charles Jarvis, September 28, 1820," in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, ed., vols. 1516 (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial a.s.sociation of the United States, 1907), 277.

11. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857).

12. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, vol. 1 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1939), 132.

13. Woodrow Wilson, Const.i.tutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1908), 16.

14. Paul A. Rahe, "Progressive Racism," National Review Online, April 11, 2013, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/345274/progressive-racism-paul-rahe (April 18, 2013).

15. Robin L. West, Re-Imagining Justice: Progressive Interpretations of Formal Equality, Rights, and the Rule of Law (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003), 9.

16. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944," http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/address_text.html (April 18, 2013).

17. Bruce Ackerman, "Ackerman on Renewing the Promise of National Citizens.h.i.+p," March 15, 2005, American Const.i.tution Society, ACS blog, http://www.acslaw.org/acsblog/ackerman-on-renewing-the-promise-of-national-citizens.h.i.+p (April 18, 2013).

18. Louis Michael Seidman, "Let's Give Up on the Const.i.tution," New York Times, Dec. 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/opinion/lets-give-up-on-the-const.i.tution.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2& (April 18, 2013).

19. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, "Lecture: Fifty-first Cardozo Memorial Lecture-Affirmative Action: An International Human Rights Dialogue," 21 Cardozo Law Review 253, 282 (1999).

20. Mark R. Levin and Andrew P. Zappia, "Seek and Ye Shall Find-Ginsburg's Philosophy," New Jersey Law Journal, July 12, 1993.

21. Interview with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Al-Hayat TV, Middle East Research Inst.i.tute, January 30, 2012, http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/3295.htm.

22. Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815, 830831 (1988).

23. Stephen Breyer, "The Supreme Court and the New International Law," Speech to the American Society of International Law, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., April 4, 2003, http://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/speeches/viewspeeches.aspx?Filename=sp_04-04-03.html (April 18, 2013).

24. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 572573 (2003).

25. Sandra Day O'Connor, "Keynote Address Before the Ninety-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law," 96 American Society of International Law Proceedings 348, 350 (2002).

26. Sandra Day O'Connor, The Majesty of the Law (New York: Knopf, 2003).

27. Hope Yen, "O'Connor Extols Role of International Law," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 27, 2004, http://www.ushumanrightsonline.net/news/article.62630-OConnor_extols_role_of_international_law (April 18, 2013).

28. Mark R. Levin, Men in Black: How the Supreme Court Is Destroying America (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Regnery, 2005), 22.

29. James Madison, "Letter to Henry Lee, June 25, 1824," in Writings, Jack N. Rakove, ed. (New York: Library of America, 1999), 803.

30. Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942), Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982), Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. __ (2012).

31. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

32. Levin, Men in Black, 1.

33. Ibid., 29 and accompanying citations.

34. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, ed., vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 184, http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1937/Madison_1356-05_EBk_v6.0.pdf (April 19, 2013).

5. Two Amendments to Limit Federal Spending and Taxing 1. Milton Friedman, "Was.h.i.+ngton: Less Red Ink," Atlantic, February 1983, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/1983/02/was.h.i.+nton-less-red-ink/305450 (September 25, 2012).

2. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93344, 88 Stat. 297, 2 U.S.C. 601688.