International Law. A Treatise Volume Ii Part 57

[Footnote 824: See Hall, -- 246, p. 690, note 2; Taylor, -- 662; Wharton, III. -- 373.]

[Footnote 825: See Moore, VII. -- 1254, and Holland, _Letters to the "Times" upon War and Neutrality_ (1909) pp. 108-112.]

[Footnote 826: According to the British practice which has. .h.i.therto prevailed--see Holland, _Prize Law_, -- 64--the list of conditional contraband comprises:--Provisions and liquors for the consumption of army and navy; money, telegraphic materials, such as wire, porous cups, platina, sulphuric acid, and zinc; materials for the construction of a railway, as iron bars, sleepers, and the like; coal, hay, horses, rosin, tallow, timber. But it always was in the prerogative of the Crown to extend or reduce this list during a war according to the requirements of the circ.u.mstances.]

By articles 24 to 28 of the Declaration of London an agreement has been reached by the Powers according to which two cla.s.ses of conditional contraband must be distinguished. Article 24 enumerates fourteen groups of articles which may _always_, without special declaration and notice, be treated as conditional contraband; these const.i.tute the first cla.s.s.

The second--see article 25--consists of articles which are not enumerated either amongst the eleven groups of absolute contraband contained in article 22 or amongst the fourteen groups of conditional contraband contained in article 24, but which are nevertheless susceptible of use in war as well as for purposes of peace; these may be treated as conditional contraband also, but _only after special declaration and notification_. Such declaration may be published during time of peace, and notification thereof must then be addressed to all other Powers; but if the declaration is published after the outbreak of hostilities a notification need be addressed to the neutral Powers only.

Should a Power--see article 26--waive, so far as itself is concerned, the right to treat as conditional contraband an article comprised in the first cla.s.s, notification thereof must be made to the other Powers. But it is of course obvious, although not specially stated in article 26, that a Power may treat as conditional contraband any article belonging either to the first or second cla.s.s of absolute contraband; in such a case, however, special declaration and notification would seem to be necessary. The following are the groups of articles comprised in the first cla.s.s of conditional contraband:--

(1) Foodstuffs.

(2) Forage and grain, suitable for feeding animals.

(3) Clothing, fabrics for clothing, and boots and shoes, suitable for use in war.

(4) Gold and silver in coin or bullion; paper money.

(5) Vehicles of all kinds available for use in war, and their component parts.

(6) Vessels, craft, and boats of all kinds; floating docks, parts of docks and their component parts.

(7) Railway material, both fixed and rolling-stock, and material for telegraphs, wireless telegraphs, and telephones.

(8) Balloons and flying machines and their distinctive component parts, together with accessories and articles recognisable as intended for use in connection with balloons and flying machines.

(9) Fuel; lubricants.

(10) Powder and explosives not specially prepared for use in war.

(11) Barbed wire and implements for fixing and cutting the same.

(12) Horseshoes and shoeing materials.

(13) Harness and saddlery.

(14) Field gla.s.ses, telescopes, chronometers, and all kinds of nautical instruments.

This list represents a compromise, just as does the list of absolute contraband of article 22. Those opponents of the Declaration of London who object to foodstuffs being on the list of conditional contraband forget that several times in the past--see above, p. 486 (1)--belligerents have declared foodstuffs absolute contraband.

[Sidenote: Hostile Destination essential to Contraband.]

-- 395. Whatever may be the nature of articles, they are never contraband unless they are destined for the use of a belligerent in war. Arms and ammunition destined for a neutral are as little contraband as other goods with the same destination. As this hostile destination is essential even for articles which are obviously used in war, such hostile destination is all the more important for such articles of ancipitous use as are only conditionally contraband. Thus, for instance, provisions and coal are perfectly innocent and not at all contraband if they are not purposely destined for enemy troops and naval forces, but are destined for use by a neutral. However, the destination of the articles must not be confounded with the destination of the vessel which carries them. For, on the one hand, certain articles with a hostile destination are considered contraband although the carrying vessel is destined for a neutral port, and, on the other hand, certain articles, although they are without a hostile destination, are considered contraband because the carrying vessel is to touch at an intermediate enemy port and is, therefore, destined for such port, although her ultimate destination is a neutral port.

The Declaration of London, by articles 30 to 36, enacts very detailed rules with regard to hostile destination, distinguis.h.i.+ng clearly between the characteristics of hostile destination of absolute contraband and those of hostile destination of conditional contraband.

(1) The destination of articles of _absolute_ contraband is, according to article 30, to be considered hostile if it be shown that they are being sent either to enemy territory, or to territory occupied by the enemy, or, further, to the armed forces of the enemy. And, according to article 31, hostile destination of absolute contraband is considered to be completely proved, firstly, when the goods are consigned to an enemy port or to the armed forces of the enemy, and, secondly, when the vessel is to call either at enemy ports only, or when she is to touch at an enemy port or meet the armed forces of the enemy before reaching the neutral port to which the cargo concerned is consigned.

(2) The destination of articles of _conditional_ contraband, on the other hand, is, according to article 33, considered to be hostile if they are intended for the use of the armed forces or of a government department of the enemy State, unless in this latter case the circ.u.mstances show that the articles concerned cannot in fact be used for warlike purposes. Gold and silver in coin or bullion and paper money, however, are in every case considered to have a hostile destination if intended for a government department of the enemy State.

And, according to article 34, hostile destination of articles of conditional contraband is, if the contrary be not proved, presumed when the articles are consigned, firstly, to enemy authorities or to an enemy contractor[827] established in the enemy country, who as a matter of common knowledge supplies articles of this kind to the enemy, or, secondly, to a fortified place of the enemy or to another place serving as a base[828]--whether of operations or supply--for the armed forces of the enemy. On the other hand, if the articles are not so consigned and if the contrary be not proved, their destination is presumed to be non-hostile. And in the case of a merchantman which can herself be conditional contraband if bound to a fortified place of the enemy or to another place serving as a base for the armed forces of the enemy, there is no presumption of a hostile destination, but a direct proof is necessary that she is destined for the use of the armed forces or of a government department of the enemy State.

[Footnote 827: The French text of article 34 contains the words _a un commercant etabli en pays ennemi et lorsqu'il est notoire que ce commercant fournit a l'ennemi des objets et materiaux de cette nature_.

The translation _to an enemy contractor_ has been objected to by opponents of the Declaration of London, but it is absolutely correct because it meets the meaning of the French text.]

[Footnote 828: The Report of the Drafting Committee on article 34 states that the base concerned may be one of operations or supply. Opponents of the Declaration of London object to article 34 on account of the alleged ambiguity of the words _place serving as a base for the armed forces of the enemy_, and a.s.sert that all seaports of Great Britain might be treated as bases of supply for the armed forces because railways connect them with other places which actually serve as bases of supply or operations. This is surely erroneous, because the doctrine of continuous voyages is not--see article 35 in contradistinction to article 30, and below, -- 403_a_--to be applied to conditional contraband.]

[Sidenote: Free Articles.]

-- 396. It is obvious that such articles as are not susceptible of use in war may never be declared contraband, whether their destination be hostile or not.

The Declaration of London, by article 27, expressly recognises this and, in article 28--the so-called _free list_--enumerates seventeen groups of articles which may never be declared contraband in spite of their hostile destination, namely:--

(1) Raw cotton, wool, silk, jute, flax, hemp, and other raw materials of the textile industries, and yarns of the same.

(2) Oil seeds and nuts; copra.

(3) Rubber, resins, gums, and lacs; hops.

(4) Raw hides and horns, bones, and ivory.

(5) Natural and artificial manures, including nitrates and phosphates for agricultural purposes.

(6) Metallic ores.

(7) Earths, clays, lime, chalk, stone, including marble, bricks, slates, and tiles.

(8) Chinaware and gla.s.s.

(9) Paper and paper-making materials.

(10) Soap, paint and colours, including articles exclusively used in their manufacture, and varnish.

(11) Bleaching powder, soda, ash, caustic soda, salt cake, ammonia, sulphate of ammonia, and sulphate of copper.

(12) Agricultural, mining, textile, and printing machinery.

(13) Precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, mother-of-pearl, and coral.

(14) Clocks and watches, other than chronometers.

(15) Fas.h.i.+on and fancy goods.

(16) Feathers of all kinds, hairs, and bristles.

(17) Articles of household furniture and decoration, office furniture and requisites.

This free list is of great importance to neutral trade, more particularly as it not only comprises such articles as are not susceptible of use in war, but likewise a number of articles, the possibility of the use of which in war is so remote as practically to make them not susceptible of use in war. The list guarantees to a number of industries and trades of neutral States freedom from interference on the part of belligerents, and it is to be expected that in time the list will be increased.

[Sidenote: Articles destined for the use of the carrying Vessel, or to aid the Wounded.]