The Standard Electrical Dictionary Part 151

Tee, Lead.

A lead pipe of T shape used for connecting branches to electric cables.

The tee is soldered by wiped joints to the lead sheathings of the cable and branches after the wires have been connected, and the junctions coated with insulating tape or cement, or both.

It is sometimes made in two halves, and is known as a split tee.

Tel-autograph.

A telegraph for reproducing the hand-writing of the sender at the receiving end of the line. To save time a special spelling is sometimes used.

Teleautograph.

The special spelling used with the Tel-Autograph telegraph.

Tele-barometer, Electric.

A barometer with electric attachment for indicating or recording at a distance the barometric readings.

Telegraph, ABC.

This term is applied to alphabet telegraphs indicating the message by the movements of a pointer on a dial marked with the characters to be sent. In England the Wheatstone ABC system is much employed.

Telegraph, Automatic.

A telegraph system based on the operation of the transmitting instrument by a perforated strip of paper drawn through it. The perforations made by an apparatus termed a perforator, are so arranged as to give telegraphic characters of the Morse or International Code in the transmitting instrument. (See Perforator.) Bain in the year 1846 was the originator of the system. He punched a fillet of paper with dots and dashes, and drew it between two terminals of the line, thus sending over the line a corresponding series of short and long currents which were received by his chemical receiver. (See Chemical Receiver.) The method was not successful. Its modern development, the Wheatstone Automatic Telegraph, is highly so. The perforated paper by its perforations controls the reciprocating movement of two rods, which pa.s.s through each hole in two rows, corresponding to the two rods respectively as the holes come opposite to the ends of the rods. The rods are kept constantly moving up and down. If unperforated paper is above them their upward motion is limited. This gives three positions for the rods, (a) both down, (b) one up and the other down, (c) both up. These positions of the rods work a pole changing key by which dots, s.p.a.ces, and dashes are transmitted to the receiving instrument, which is an exceedingly delicate ink-printer. The latter can have its speed adjusted to receive from 200 to 450 words per minute.

505 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Telegraph, Dial.

A telegraph in which as receiver a dial instrument is used. A pointer or index hand moves around a dial. The dial is marked with letters of the alphabet. The movements of the pointer are controlled by the transmitting operator at a distant station. He by the same actions moves a pointer on a duplicate instrument before him and the two are synchronized to give identical indications. Thus a message is spelled out letter by letter on both dials simultaneously. The motions of the index are generally produced by what is virtually a recoil escapement.

The scape wheel is carried by the axle of the index, and a pallet or anchor is vibrated by an electro-magnet whose armature is attached to the stem of the pallet. As the pallet is vibrated it turns the wheel and index one tooth for each single movement. There are as many teeth in the wheel as there are characters on the dial. The two instruments being in duplicate and synchronized, the pallets move exactly in unison, so that identical readings of the dials are given. The pallets may be moved by any kind of make and break mechanism, such as an ordinary telegraph key.

The index moves by steps or jerks, so that the system is sometimes called step-by-step telegraphy.

Fig. 312. DIAL TELEGRAPH.

In the cut the make and break transmitter is shown at v v, with its handle and contacts g and t. This mechanism sends impulses of current by F and Z to the receiving magnet l. This attracts and releases its armature K from contact into the position indicated by the dotted lines.

This works the rocker n on the pin o, and actuates the double or anchor pawl s r, which turns the pallet or sc.r.a.pe wheel m.

The system is dropping into disuse, being supplanted by the telephone.

Synonym--Step-by-step Telegraph.

506 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Telegraph, Double Needle.

A telegraph system in which the message is read by the motions of two vertical needles on the face of the instrument in front of the receiving operator. An identical instrument faces the transmitting operator. By two handles, one for each hand, the needles are caused by electric impulses to swing to right and to left so as to give a telegraphic code.

It has been generally superseded by the single needle telegraph.

Telegraph, Duplex.

A telegraph capable of transmitting simultaneously two messages over one wire. The methods of effecting it are distinct from those of multiplex telegraphy. This term is used as a distinction from diode multiplex telegraphy, in which the work is done on other principles. There are two systems of duplex telegraphy, the differential and the bridge systems.

Telegraph, Duplex Bridge.

A system of duplex telegraphy employing the principle of the Wheatstone bridge. The other or differential system depends on equality or difference of currents; the bridge method on equality or difference of potentials. The cut shows the system known as Steam's Plan.

At the ends of the line wire are two cross connections like duplicate galvanometer connections in a Wheatstone bridge, each including a receiving relay. The rest of the connections are self-explanatory.

When A depresses his key the current splits at the point indicating the beginning of the bridge. One portion goes through the line to B and to earth, the other goes to earth at A through the rheostats indicated by the corrugated lines.

On reaching B's end the current divides at the cross-connection and part goes through the receiving relay shown in the center of that cross-connection.

Thus if A sends to B or B to A it is without effect on the home receiving instrument. Now suppose that both simultaneously are sending in opposite directions. If the connections be studied it will be seen that every movement of the transmitting key will affect the balance of the distant or receiving end of the bridge and so its instrument will record the signals as they are sent.

As shown in the cut the sending keys are on local circuits, and work what are known as duplex transmitters. These are instruments which send line signals without breaking the connection.

Fig. 313. STEARN'S PLAN OF DUPLEX BRIDGE TELEGRAPHY.

In Stearn's plan condensers are introduced as shown. By this plan different receiving instruments can be used. The inventor once worked a Morse instrument at one end of the line, and a Hughes' instrument at the other end.

507 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Telegraph, Duplex, Differential.

A system of duplex telegraphy employing the differential action of two exciting or magnetizing coils. The general principles are the following.

Suppose that at each of two stations, there is a magnet working as a sounder or relay. Each magnet is differentially wound, with two coils of opposite direction, of identical number of turns.

When the sending key at a station A is depressed two exactly equal currents go through the magnet in opposite directions. One called the compensation current goes to the earth at the stations. The other called the line current goes through the line, through the line coil of the distant station E, thereby actuating the relay or sounder armature.

The instrument of the sender A is unaffected because he is sending opposite and equal currents through its two coils. A special resistance is provided on the compensation circuit for keeping the currents exactly equal in effect. Nothing the sender at A does affects his own instrument.

Now suppose E desires to telegraph back at the same time that A is telegraphing to his station. He works his key. This does not affect his own instrument except by sending the equal and opposite currents through its coils. When his key is depressed and A's key is untouched, he works A's receiving instrument.

508 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

When A's key is depressed simultaneously with B's key, the two line currents are in opposition and neutralize each other. This throws out the balance in the instruments and both armatures are attracted by the compensation currents left free to act by the neutralization of the line currents.