The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 29

[265] _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 32-4, 53-4; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 367, 274-5.

[266] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 385-9.

[267] _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 109-10, 116; _Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 242.

[268] At about 52 40', between the Fraser River and the Pacific, Mackenzie observed the treatment of a man with a bad ulcer on his back.

They blew on him and whistled, pressed their fingers on his stomach, put their fists into his mouth, and spouted water into his face. Then he was carried into the woods, laid down in a clear spot, and a fire was built against his back while the doctor scarified the ulcer with a blunt instrument. _Voy._, pp. 331-33; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 258, 284; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 316-18; _Duncan_, in _Mayne's B. C._, 289-91; _Reed's Nar._, in _Olympia Wash. Stand._, _May 16, 1868_.

[269] At Boca de Quadra, Vancouver found 'a box about three feet square, and a foot and a half deep, in which were the remains of a human skeleton, which appeared from the confused situation of the bones, either to have been cut to pieces, or thrust with great violence into this small s.p.a.ce.' ... 'I was inclined to suppose that this mode of depositing their dead is practised only in respect to certain persons of their society.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 351. At Cape Northumberland, in 54 45', 'was a kind of vault formed partly by the natural cavity of the rocks, and partly by the rude artists of the country. It was lined with boards, and contained some fragments of warlike implements, lying near a square box covered with mats and very curiously corded down.' _Id._, p.

370; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, pp. 106-7. On Queen Charlotte Islands, 'Ces monumens sont de deux especes: les premiers et les plus simples ne sont composes que d'un seul pilier d'environ dix pieds d'elevation et d'un pied de diametre, sur le sommet duquel sont fixees des planches formant un plateau; et dans quelques-uns ce plateau est supporte par deux piliers. Le corps, depose sur cette plate-forme, est recouvert de mousse et de grosses pierres' ... 'Les mausolees de la seconde espece sont plus composes: quatre poteaux plantes en terre, et eleves de deux pieds seulement au-dessus du sol portent un sarcophage travaille avec art, et hermetiquement clos.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 135-6.

'According to another account it appeared that they actually bury their dead; and when another of the family dies, the remains of the person who was last interred, are taken from the grave and burned.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 308. See also pp. 374, 295-98; _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., pp. 203-4; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 272, 276, 280; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 272, 293; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 235; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 440-41; _Dall's Alaska_, p. 417.

[270] On the coast, at 52 12', Vancouver found them 'civil, good-humoured and friendly.' At Cascade Ca.n.a.l, about 52 24', 'in traffic they proved themselves to be keen traders, but acted with the strictest honesty;' at Point Hopkins 'they all behaved very civilly and honestly;' while further north, at Observatory Inlet, 'in their countenances was expressed a degree of savage ferocity infinitely surpa.s.sing any thing of the sort I had before observed,' presents being scornfully rejected. _Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 281, 269, 303, 337. The Kitswinscolds on Skeena River 'are represented as a very superior race, industrious, sober, cleanly, and peaceable.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

533. The Chimsyans are fiercer and more uncivilized than the Indians of the South. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 317. 'Finer and fiercer men than the Indians of the South.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 250. 'They appear to be of a friendly disposition, but they are subject to sudden gusts of pa.s.sion, which are as quickly composed; and the transition is instantaneous, from violent irritation to the most tranquil demeanor. Of the many tribes ...

whom I have seen, these appear to be the most susceptible of civilization.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 375, 322. At Stewart's Lake the natives, whenever there is any advantage to be gained are just as readily tempted to betray each other as to deceive the colonists.

_Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 466-68, 458-59; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p.

174. A Kygarnie chief being asked to go to America or England, refused to go where even chiefs were slaves--that is, had duties to perform--while he at home was served by slaves and wives. The Seba.s.sas 'are more active and enterprising than the Milbank tribes, but the greatest thieves and robbers on the coast.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 287, 273. 'All these visitors of Fort Simpson are turbulent and fierce. Their broils, which are invariably attended with bloodshed, generally arise from the most trivial causes.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p.

206. The Kygarnies 'are very cleanly, fierce and daring.' The islanders, 'when they visit the mainland, they are bold and treacherous, and always ready for mischief.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 219. The Kygarnies 'are a very fierce, treacherous race, and have not been improved by the rum and fire-arms sold to them.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 411. Queen Charlotte Islanders look upon white men as superior beings, but conceal the conviction. The Skidagates are the most intelligent race upon the islands. Wonderfully acute in reading character, yet clumsy in their own dissimulation.... 'Not revengeful or blood-thirsty, except when smarting under injury or seeking to avert an imaginary wrong.' ... 'I never met with a really brave man among them.'

The Acoltas have 'given more trouble to the Colonial Government than any other along the coast.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 83, 151-2, 185-6, 208, 214, 233, 235, 245, 257, 271-72, 289, 309, 320-21. 'Of a cruel and treacherous disposition.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

vi., p. 197. They will stand up and fight Englishmen with their fists.

_Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. Intellectually superior to the Puget Sound tribes. _Reed's Nar._ 'Mansos y de buena indole.' _Crespi_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. On Skeena River, 'the worst I have seen in all my travels.' _Downie_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p.

73. 'As rogues, where all are rogues,' preeminence is awarded them.

_Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 74-5.

[271] 'On my arrival at this inlet, I had honoured it with the name of King George's Sound; but I afterward found, that it is called Nootka by the natives.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 288. 'No Aht Indian of the present day ever heard of such a name as Nootkah, though most of them recognize the other words in Cook's account of their language.'

_Sproat's Scenes_, p. 315. Sproat conjectures that the name may have come from _Noochee! Noochee!_ the Aht word for mountain. A large proportion of geographical names originate in like manner through accident.

[272] For full particulars see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at end of this chapter.

[273] 'The Newatees, mentioned in many books, are not known on the west coast. Probably the Klah-oh-quahts are meant.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p.

314.

[274] There are no Indians in the interior. _Fitzwilliam's Evidence_, in _Hud. B. Co., Rept. Spec. Com._, 1857, p. 115.

[275] The same name is also applied to one of the _Sound_ nations across the strait in Was.h.i.+ngton.

[276] The t.e.e.t.s or Haitlins are called by the Tacullies, '_Sa-Chinco_'

strangers. _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 73-4.

[277] Sproat's division into nations, 'almost as distinct as the nations of Europe' is into the Quoquoulth (Quackoll) or Fort Rupert, in the north and north-east; the Kowitchan, or Thongeith, on the east and south; Aht on the west coast; and Komux, a distinct tribe also on the east of Vancouver. 'These tribes of the Ahts are not confederated; and I have no other warrant for calling them a nation than the fact of their occupying adjacent territories, and having the same superst.i.tions and language.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 18-19, 311. Mayne makes by language four nations; the first including the Cowitchen in the harbor and valley of the same name north of Victoria, with the Nanaimo and Kwantlum Indians about the mouth of the Fraser River, and the Songhies; the second comprising the Comoux, Nanoose, Nimpkish, Quawguult, etc., on Vancouver, and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucle-tah, Mama-lil-a-culla, etc., on the main, and islands, between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert; the third and fourth groups include the twenty-four west-coast tribes who speak two distinct languages, not named. _Mayne's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 243-51. Grant's division gives four languages on Vancouver, viz., the Quackoll, from Clayoquot Sound north to C. Scott, and thence S. to Johnson's Strait; the Cowitchin, from Johnson's Strait to Sanetch Arm; the Tsclallum, or Clellum, from Sanetch to Soke, and on the opposite American sh.o.r.e; and the Macaw, from Patcheena to Clayoquot Sound. 'These four princ.i.p.al languages ...

are totally distinct from each other, both in sound, formation, and modes of expression.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxvii., p. 295. Scouler attempts no division into nations or languages. _Lond. Geo. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 221, 224. Mofras singularly designates them as one nation of 20,000 souls, under the name of _Ouakich_. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 343. Recent investigations have shown a somewhat different relations.h.i.+p of these languages, which I shall give more particularly in a subsequent volume.

[278] See _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 272-86, on the 'effects upon savages of intercourse with civilized men.' 'Hitherto, (1856) in Vancouver Island, the tribes who have princ.i.p.ally been in intercourse with the white man, have found it for their interest to keep up that intercourse in amity for the purposes of trade, and the white adventurers have been so few in number, that they have not at all interfered with the ordinary pursuits of the natives.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p.

303.

[279] 'Muy robustos y bien apersonados.' 'De mediana estatura, excepto los Xefes cuya corpulencia se hace notar.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 55, 124. 'The young princess was of low stature, very plump.'

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 395. Macquilla, the chief was five feet eight inches, with square shoulders and muscular limbs; his son was five feet nine inches. _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 110-12. The seaboard tribes have 'not much physical strength.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p.

73. 'La gente dicen ser muy robusta.' _Perez_, _Rel. del Viage, MS._, p.

20. 'Leur taille est moyenne.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 343.

'In general, robust and well proportioned.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 249.

Under the common stature, pretty full and plump, but not muscular--never corpulent, old people lean--short neck and clumsy body; women nearly the same size as the men. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 301-3. 'Of smaller stature than the Northern Tribes; they are usually fatter and more muscular.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p.

221. In the north, among the Clayoquots and Quackolls, men are often met of five feet ten inches and over; on the south coast the stature varies from five feet three inches to five feet six inches. _Grant_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 297. 'The men are in general from about five feet six to five feet eight inches in height; remarkably straight, of a good form, robust and strong.' Only one dwarf was seen.

_Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 60-61. The Klah-oh-quahts are 'as a tribe physically the finest. Individuals may be found in all the tribes who reach a height of five feet eleven inches, and a weight of 180 pounds, without much flesh on their bodies.' Extreme average height: men, five feet six inches, women, five feet one-fourth inch. 'Many of the men have well-shaped forms and limbs. None are corpulent.' 'The men generally have well-set, strong frames, and, if they had pluck and skill, could probably hold their own in a grapple with Englishmen of the same stature.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 22-3. 'Rather above the middle stature, copper-colored and of an athletic make.' _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p.

71; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 442. 'Spare muscular forms.'

_Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, pp. 44; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, pp.

14-22.

[280] Limbs small, crooked, or ill-made; large feet; badly shaped, and projecting ankles from sitting so much on their hams and knees. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 301-3. 'Their limbs, though stout and athletic, are crooked and ill-shaped.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 250. 'Ils ont les membres inferieures legerement arques, les chevilles tres-saillantes, et la pointe des pieds tournee en dedans, difformite qui provient de la maniere dont ils sont a.s.sis dans leurs canots.'

_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 343-4. 'Stunted, and move with a lazy waddling gait.' _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 428. 'Skeleton shanks ... not much physical strength ... bow-legged--defects common to the seaboard tribes.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 73-4. All the females of the Northwest Coast are very short-limbed. 'Raro es el que no tiene muy salientes los tobillos y las puntas de los pies inclinadas hacia dentro ... y una especie de entumecimiento que se advierte, particularmente en las mugeres.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 124, 30, 62-3. They have great strength in the fingers. _Sproat's Scenes_ p. 33. Women, short-limbed, and toe in. _Id._, p. 22; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 282-3. 'The limbs of both s.e.xes are ill-formed, and the toes turned inwards.' 'The legs of the women, especially those of the slaves, are often swollen as if oedematous, so that the leg appears of an uniform thickness from the ankle to the calf,' from wearing a garter. _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 221.

[281] The different Aht tribes vary in physiognomy somewhat--'faces of the Chinese and Spanish types may be seen.' 'The face of the Ahts is rather broad and flat; the mouth and lips of both men and women are large, though to this there are exceptions, and the cheekbones are broad but not high. The skull is fairly shaped, the eyes small and long, deep set, in colour a l.u.s.treless inexpressive black, or very dark hazel, none being blue, grey, or brown.... One occasionally sees an Indian with eyes distinctly Chinese. The nose ... in some instances is remarkably well-shaped.' 'The teeth are regular, but stumpy, and are deficient in enamel at the points,' perhaps from eating sanded salmon. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 19, 27. 'Their faces are large and full, their cheeks high and prominent, with small black eyes; their noses are broad and flat; their lips thick, and they have generally very fine teeth, and of the most brilliant whiteness.' _Meares' Voy._, pp. 249-50; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 44. 'La fisonomia de estos (Nitinats) era differente de la de los habitantes de Nutka: tenian el craneo de figura natural, los ojos chicos muy proximos, cargados los parpados.' Many have a languid look, but few a stupid appearance. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 28, 30, 62-3, 124. 'Dull and inexpressive eye.' 'Unprepossessing and stupid countenances.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 74, 80. The Wickinninish have 'a much less open and pleasing expression of countenance' than the Klaizzarts. The Newchema.s.s 'were the most savage looking and ugly men that I ever saw.' 'The shape of the face is oval; the features are tolerably regular, the lips being thin and the teeth very white and even: their eyes are black but rather small, and the nose pretty well formed, being neither flat nor very prominent.' The women 'are in general very well-looking, and some quite handsome.' _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 76, 77, 61. 'Features that would have attracted notice for their delicacy and beauty, in those parts of the world where the qualities of the human form are best understood.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 250. Face round and full, sometimes broad, with prominent cheek-bones ... falling in between the temples, the nose flattening at the base, wide nostrils and a rounded point ... forehead low; eyes small, black and languis.h.i.+ng; mouth round, with large, round, thickish lips; teeth tolerably equal and well-set, but not very white. Remarkable sameness, a dull phlegmatic want of expression; no pretensions to beauty among the women. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 301-2. See portraits of Nootkas in _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., p. 108; _Cook's Atlas_, pl. 38-9; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, _Atlas_; _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 75. 'Long nose, high cheek bones, large ugly mouth, very long eyes, and foreheads villainously low.' 'The women of Vancouver Island have seldom or ever good features; they are almost invariably pug-nosed; they have however, frequently a pleasing expression, and there is no lack of intelligence in their dark hazel eyes.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxvii., pp. 297-8. 'Though without any pretensions to beauty, could not be considered as disagreeable.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 395.

'Have the common facial characteristics of low foreheads, high cheek-bones, aquiline noses, and large mouths.' 'Among some of the tribes pretty women may be seen.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 277.

[282] 'Her skin was clean, and being nearly white,' etc. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 395. 'Reddish brown, like that of a dirty copper kettle.' Some, when washed, have 'almost a florid complexion.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., pp. 297, 299. 'Brown, somewhat inclining to a copper cast.' The women are much whiter, 'many of them not being darker than those in some of the Southern parts of Europe.'

The Newchema.s.s are much darker than the other tribes. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 61, 77. 'Their complexion, though light, has more of a copper hue'

than that of the Haidahs. _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xi., p. 221. 'Skin white, with the clear complexion of Europe.' _Meares'

Voy._, p. 250. The color hard to tell on account of the paint, but in a few cases 'the whiteness of the skin appeared almost to equal that of Europeans; though rather of that pale effete cast ... of our southern nations.... Their children ... also equalled ours in whiteness.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 303. 'Their complexion is a dull brown,'

darker than the Haidahs. 'Cook and Meares probably mentioned exceptional cases.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 23-4. 'Tan blancos como el mejor Espanol.' _Perez_, _Rel. del Viage, MS._, p. 20. 'Por lo que se puede inferir del (color) de los ninos, parece menos obscuro que el de los Mexicanos,' but judging by the chiefs' daughters they are wholly white.

_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 125. 'A dark, swarthy copper-coloured figure.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 143. They 'have lighter complexions than other aborigines of America.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 116.

'Sallow complexion, verging towards copper colour.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, pp. 44-6. Copper-coloured. _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p. 71.

[283] 'The hair of the natives is never shaven from the head. It is black or dark brown, without gloss, coa.r.s.e and lank, but not scanty, worn long.... Slaves wear their hair short. Now and then, but rarely, a light-haired native is seen. There is one woman in the Opechisat tribe at Alberni who had curly, or rather wavy, brown hair. Few grey-haired men can be noticed in any tribe. The men's beards and whiskers are deficient, probably from the old alleged custom, now seldom practiced, of extirpating the hairs with small sh.e.l.ls. Several of the Nootkah Sound natives (Moouchahts) have large moustaches and whiskers.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 25-7. 'El cabello es largo lacio y grueso, variando su color entre rubio, obscuro, castano y negro. La barba sale a los mozos con la misma regularidad que a los de otros paises, y llega a ser en los ancianos tan poblada y larga como la de los Turcos; pero los jovenes parecen imberbes porque se la arrancan con los dedos, o mas comunmente con pinzas formadas de pequenas conchas.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 124-5, 57. 'Hair of the head is in great abundance, very coa.r.s.e, and strong; and without a single exception, black, straight and lank.' No beards at all, or a small thin one on the chin, not from a natural defect, but from plucking. Old men often have beards. Eyebrows scanty and narrow. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 301-3. 'Neither beard, whisker, nor moustache ever adorns the face of the redskin.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 143; _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 61, 75, 77. Hair 'invariably either black or dark brown.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 297; _Meares' Voy._, p. 250; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 277-8; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 442; _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p.

71.

[284] _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 304-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 126-7; _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 26-7; _Meares' Voy._, p. 254; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 442; _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 21, 23, 62, 65, 77-8; _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 297; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 277-8; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 44.

[285] _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 242, 277, with cut of a child with bandaged head, and of a girl with a sugar-loaf head, measuring eighteen inches from the eyes to the summit. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 28-30; _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 298; _Scouler_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 222; Meares' Voy., p. 249; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 441; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 124; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 171; vol. ii., p. 103, cut of three skulls of flattened, conical, and natural form; _Kane's Wand._, p. 241; _Jewitt's Nar._, p.

76; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 325; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 45; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p. 115.

[286] At Valdes Island, 'the faces of some were made intirely white, some red, black, or lead colour.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 307, 341. At Nunez Gaona Bay, 'se pintan de encarnado y negro.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 30. At Nootka Sound, 'Con esta grasa (de ballena) se untan todo el cuerpo, y despues se pintan con una especie de barniz compuesto de la misma grasa o aceyte, y de almagre en terminos que parece este su color natural.' Chiefs only may paint in varied colors, plebeians being restricted to one.' _Id._, pp. 125-7. 'Many of the females painting their faces on all occasions, but the men only at set periods.' Vermilion is obtained by barter. Black, their war and mourning color, is made by themselves. _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 442. 'Ces Indiens enduisent leur corps d'huile de baleine, et se peignent avec des ocres.' Chiefs only may wear different colors, and figures of animals.

_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 344. 'Rub their bodies constantly with a red paint, of a clayey or coa.r.s.e ochry substance, mixed with oil....

Their faces are often stained with a black, a brighter red, or a white colour, by way of ornament.... They also strew the brown martial mica upon the paint, which makes it glitter.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol.

ii., p. 305. 'A line of vermilion extends from the centre of the forehead to the tip of the nose, and from this "trunk line" others radiate over and under the eyes and across the cheeks. Between these red lines white and blue streaks alternately fill the interstices. A similar pattern ornaments chest, arms, and back, the frescoing being artistically arranged to give apparent width to the chest.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 143. 'They paint the face in hideous designs of black and red (the only colours used), and the parting of the hair is also coloured red.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 277. 'At great feasts the faces of the women are painted red with vermilion or berry-juice, and the men's faces are blackened with burnt wood. About the age of twenty-five the women cease to use paint.... Some of the young men streak their faces with red, but grown-up men seldom now use paint, unless on particular occasions.... The leader of a war expedition is distinguished by a streaked visage from his black-faced followers.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p.

27-8. The manner of painting is often a matter of whim. 'The most usual method is to paint the eye-brows black, in form of a half moon, and the face red in small squares, with the arms and legs and part of the body red; sometimes one half of the face is painted red in squares, and the other black; at others, dotted with red spots, or red and black instead of squares, with a variety of other devices, such as painting one half of the face and body red, and the other black.' _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 64; _Meares' Voy._, p. 252; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 46; _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p. 71.

[287] 'The habit of tattooing the legs and arms is common to all the women of Vancouver's Island; the men do not adopt it.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 307. 'No such practice as tattooing exists among these natives.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 27. 'The ornament on which they appear to set the most value, is the nose-jewel, if such an appellation may be given to the wooden stick, which some of them employ for this purpose.... I have seen them projecting not less than eight or nine inches beyond the face on each side; this is made fast or secured in its place by little wedges on each side of it.'

_Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 65-6, 75; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 344.

_Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 304-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 30, 126-7; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 442; _Whymper's Alaska_, pp.

37, 74, with cut of mask. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 268; _Kane's Wand._, pp.

221-2, and ill.u.s.tration of a hair medicine-cap.