The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 54

[607] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 317.

[608] In spelling the word Shoshone, I have followed the most common orthography. Many, however, write it Shoshonee, others, Shoshonie, either of which would perhaps give a better idea of the p.r.o.nunciation of the word, as the accent falls on the final _e_. The word means 'Snake Indian,' according to Stuart, _Montana_, p. 80; and 'inland,' according to Ross, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249. I apply the name Shoshones to the whole of this family; the Shoshones proper, including the Bannacks, I call the Snakes; the remaining tribes I name collectively Utahs.

[609] See _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9; _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 124; _Chandless'

Visit_, p. 118; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 377; _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 200; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178; _Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Farley's Sanitary Rept._, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; _Hesperian Magazine_, vol. x., p. 255; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 197; _Prince_, quoted in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 125, 133; _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 152, 194; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 276; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148, 267; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 312; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 484; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39 34' 37'', says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos...o...b..lemitas.' _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of their name.... They are reported to live in fastnesses among high mountains; to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture blankets, shoes, and various other articles, which they sell to the neighboring tribes. Their colour is as light as that of the Spaniards; and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features, and long flowing hair.... Some have attempted to connect these with an account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed to believe they might still exist in the Monkeys of the Western Mountains. There is another account which speaks of the Monquoi Indians, who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by the Spanish missionaries, but who have left that country, and of whom all traces have long since been lost.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 502-3. 'On the southern boundary of Utah exists a peculiar race, of whom little is known. They are said to be fair-skinned, and are called the "White Indians;" have blue eyes and straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing from other tribes.' _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _May 15, 1863_. Taylor has a note on the subject, in which he says that these fair Indians were doubtless the Moquis of Western New Mexico. _Cal. Farmer_, _June 26, 1863_. Although it is evident that this mysterious and probably mythic people belong in no way to the Shoshone family, yet as they are mentioned by several writers as dwelling in a region which is surrounded on all sides by Shoshones, I have given this note, wherefrom the reader can draw his own conclusions.

[610] _Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Heap's Cent.

Route_, p. 102.

[611] Speaking of women: 'their b.r.e.a.s.t.s and stomachs were covered with red mastic, made from an earth peculiar to these rocks, which rendered them hideous. Their only covering was a pair of drawers of hare-skin, badly sewn together, and in holes.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol.

ii., p. 386; see also vol. i., p. 127, and vol. ii., pp. 389, 404, 407.

'The women often dress in skirts made of entrails, dressed and sewed together in a substantial way.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. Hareskins 'they cut into cords with the fur adhering; and braid them together so as to form a sort of cloak with a hole in the middle, through which they thrust their heads.' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p.

376. The remaining authorities describe them as naked, or slightly and miserably dressed; see _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 82, 202-3; _Chandless'

Visit_, p. 291; _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 100; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 255; _Bryant's Cal._, p. 194; _Forney_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1859, p. 365; _Dodge_, _Ib._, pp. 374-5; _Fenton_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 203; _Graves_, in _Id._, 1854, p. 178; _Burton's City of the Saints_, pp. 217-18, 272-3, 581, 585; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148, 168-9, 212, 218, 225, 227, 267; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Saxon's Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 197; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 331.

[612] _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 125, 133; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 25; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 325; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-30, 308-9; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 249-50, 257-8, vol. ii., pp. 22-3; _Chandless'

Visit_, p. 118; _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 200; _White's Ogn._, p.

377; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp.

244, 281.

[613] 'The ermine is the fur known to the north-west traders by the name of the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 313.

[614] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 312-15.

[615] 'On y rencontre aussi des terres metalliques de differentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux sortes d'ocres, l'une pale, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens en font tres-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.

[616] 'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter, leaving their lowly retreats only now and then, at the urgent calls of nature, or to warm their burrows.... In the spring they creep from their holes ... poor and emaciated, with barely flesh enough to hide their bones, and so enervated from hard fare and frequent abstinence, that they can scarcely move.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. Stansbury mentions lodges in Utah, east of Salt Lake, which were constructed of 'cedar poles and logs of a considerable size, thatched with bark and branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.' _Stansbury's Rept._, p.

111; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 255; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., pp. 80-1, 129, vol. ii., pp. 362, 373; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101; _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 378; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 538; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 98-9; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 247, vol.

ii., pp. 256-7; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 257; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 117; _White's Ogn._, p. 376; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 257, 290; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 305; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, 1842-3, pp. 142, 212, 218; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 136; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 325, 331-2, 337-8; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 179; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 58, 61-2; _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 51; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._

[617] _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 275; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 29; _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 375; _Saint-Amant_, _Voyages_, p. 325.

[618] 'They eat the seed of two species of Conifers, one about the size of a hazel-nut, the other much smaller. They also eat a small stone-fruit, somewhat red, or black in colour, and rather insipid; different berries, among others, those of _Vaccinium_. They collect the seed of the _Atriplex_ and _Chenopodium_, and occasionally some gra.s.ses.

Among roots, they highly value that of a bushy, yellowish and tolerably large broomrape, which they cook or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarged, and const.i.tutes the most nutritious part. They also gather the napiform root of a _Cirsium acaule_, which they eat raw or cooked; when cooked, it becomes quite black, resinous as pitch and rather succulent; when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a pleasant flavour.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 129. The Shoshones of Utah and Nevada 'eat certain roots, which in their native state are rank poison, called Tobacco root, but when put in a hole in the ground, and a large fire burned over them, become wholesome diet.'

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Of the roots used ... the pap-pa, or wild potatoe, is abundant.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 222; see also, _Id._, vol. v., pp. 199-200. At Bear River, 'every living animal, thing, insect, or worm they eat.' _Fremont's Explor. Exp._, p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are pa.s.sionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it.

_Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, pinon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-gra.s.s, and of the wheat, or yellow gra.s.s, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the tule, which when sun-dried and powdered to flour, keeps through the winter and is palatable even to white men.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581, see also pp. 573, 577. The Pi-Edes 'live princ.i.p.ally on lizards, swifts, and horned toads.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865. p. 145; see also _Id._, 1854, p. 229; 1856, p. 234; 1861, p. 112; 1859, p. 365; 1866, pp. 114; 1869, pp. 203, 216; 1870, pp. 95, 114; 1872, p. 59. The Snakes eat a white-fleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, whose flesh affects white people badly, though the Indians roast and eat it with impunity. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 117, see also vol. i., p. 269-72; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Farnham's Life and Adven._, pp. 371, 376-8; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp.

255, 257, 401-2; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 501; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Bryant's Cal._, p. 202; _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 77, 148, 233; _Kelly's Excursion_, vol.

i., p. 238; _Saxon's Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Smith_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1828, tom. x.x.xvii., p. 209; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 178-9; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 144; _White's Ogn._, p. 376; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 228-31, 309; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 277; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 258, 295; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-30, 127; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 58, 61; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 242, 270, vol. ii., pp.

19, 60, 61, 64, 244, 311; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 534; _Simpson's Route to Pac._, pp. 51-2; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.

270, 288-9, 298-9; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._

[619] The Wararereeks are 'dirty in their camps, in their dress, and in their persons.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 250. The persons of the Piutes are 'more disgusting than those of the Hottentots. Their heads are white with the germs of crawling filth.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58.

'A filthy tribe--the prey of idleness and vermin.' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 325. Bryant says, of the Utahs between Salt Lake and Ogden's Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres a pleins peignes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 61.

[620] 'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, the poggamoggon.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. Bulfinch, _Oregon_, p. 126, says the stone weighs about two pounds. Salmeron also mentions a similar weapon used by the people living south of Utah Lake; concerning whom see note 187, p. 423.

[621] The Utahs 'no usan mas armas que las flechas y algunas lanzas de perdernal, ni tienen otro peto, morrion ni espaldar que el que sacaron del vientre de sus madres.' _Escalante_, quoted in _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, ser. iii., part iv., p. 126. 'Bows made of the horns of the bighorn ... are formed by cementing with glue flat pieces of the horn together, covering the back with sinewes and glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quant.i.ty of ornaments.'

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des fleches et un baton pointu.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p.

251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the diamond; and, shot from their long bow, are almost as effective as a gunshot.' _Fremont's Expl.

Ex._, p. 267. The Pi-Utes and Pitches 'have no weapon of defence except the club, and in the use of that they are very unskilful.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58. Southwest of Great Salt Lake, 'their arms are clubs, with small bows and arrows made of reeds.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.

180. The Pi-Utes 'make some weapons of defence, as bows and arrows. The bows are about six feet long; made of the savine (Juniperus sabina).'

_Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 378; see farther, _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. ii., pp. 291, 261; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 232; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 198; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 56, 72, 77, 84, 99; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 134; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 146, 255, 400; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9, 233; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 279; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1822, tom. xiii., p. 50; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._

[622] _Remy and Brenchley's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 407; _Heap's Cent.

Route_, p. 99; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 171.

[623] 'Taking an enemy's scalp is an honour quite independent of the act of vanquis.h.i.+ng him. To kill your adversary is of no importance unless the scalp is brought from the field of battle, and were a warrior to slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the scalps or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since they have borne off the trophy.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309; see also p. 265. The Utahs 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their courage, or chop it up, boil it in soup, engorge a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the enemy's blood.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581; see also p. 140. The Utahs never carry arrows when they intend to fight on horseback. _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 77; see also p. 100; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, pp. 97, 99; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 81; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-9; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 275, vol.

ii., pp. 93-6; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 36.

[624] The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transparent green stone, very highly polished, about two and a half inches long, and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A small piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobacco from the end of the stem.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 267.

Pots made of 'a stone found in the hills ... which, though soft and white in its natural state, becomes very hard and black after exposure to the fire.' _Id._, p. 312. 'These vessels, although rude and without gloss, are nevertheless strong, and reflect much credit on Indian ingenuity.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274. Pipe-stems 'resemble a walking-stick more than anything else, and they are generally of ash, and from two-and-a-half to three feet long.' _Id._, vol. ii., p. 109.

'Cooking vessels very much resembling reversed bee-hives, made of basket work covered with buffalo skins.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

244. Stansbury discovered pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt Lake. _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 182. The material of baskets 'was mostly willow twig, with a layer of gum, probably from the pine tree.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable blankets.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

v., p. 200. 'Considering that they have nothing but stone hammers and flint knives it is truly wonderful to see the exquisite finish and neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.'

_Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux communiquent une odeur et une saveur tres-agreables a tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes these earthen pipes are exceedingly valuable, and Indians have been known to give a horse in exchange for one of them.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p.

130; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 128-32, 228-9, 234.

[625] _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274.

[626] Among the Snakes in Idaho garments of four to five beaver-skins were sold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in proportion. Horses were purchased for an axe each. A s.h.i.+p of seventy-four guns might have been loaded with provision, such as dried buffalo, bought with b.u.t.tons and rings. Articles of real value they thus disposed of cheaply, while articles of comparatively no value, such as Indian head-dress and other curiosities, were held high. A beaver-skin could thus be had for a bra.s.s-ring, while a necklace of bears' claws could not be purchased for a dozen of the same rings. Axes, knives, ammunition, beads, b.u.t.tons and rings, were most in demand. Clothing was of no value; a knife sold for as much as a blanket; and an ounce of vermilion was of more value than a yard of fine cloth. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 257-9. See further, _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 316; _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 133, 138; _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 61.

[627] 'They inflict no penalties for minor offences, except loss of character and disfellows.h.i.+p.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 306-7; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p. 128.

[628] 'It is virtuous to seize and ravish the women of tribes with whom they are at war, often among themselves, and to retain or sell them and their children as slaves.' _Drews' Owyhee Recon._, p. 17. The Pi-Edes 'barter their children to the Utes proper for a few trinkets or bits of clothing, by whom they are again sold to the Navajos for blankets.'

_Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45. 'Some of the minor tribes in the southern part of the Territory (Utah), near New Mexico, can scarcely show a single squaw, having traded them off for horses and arms.'

_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 582. 'Viennent trouver les blancs, et leur vendent leurs enfants pour des bagatelles.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p.

29; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._; _Utah, Acts, Resolutions, etc._, p.

87.

[629] 'A refusal in these lands is often a serious business; the warrior collects his friends, carries off the recusant fair, and after subjecting her to the insults of all his companions espouses her.'

_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 582.

[630] 'The women are exceedingly virtuous ... they are a kind of mercantile commodity in the hands of their masters. Polygamy prevails among the chiefs, but the number of wives is not unlimited.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., pp. 123-8. They are given to sensual excesses, and other immoralities. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 62; see also p.

60. 'Prost.i.tution and illegitimacy are unknown ... they are not permitted to marry until eighteen or twenty years old ... it is a capital offence to marry any of another nation without special sanction from their council and head chief. They allow but one wife.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. At the time of their confinement the women 'sit apart; they never touch a cooking utensil, although it is not held impure to address them, and they return only when the signs of wrath have pa.s.sed away.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573.

'Infidelity of the wife, or prost.i.tution of an unmarried female, is punishable by death.' _Davies_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 133. 'Our Pi-Ute has a peculiar way of getting a foretaste of connubial bliss, cohabiting experimentally with his intended for two or three days previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of which time, either party can stay further proceedings, to indulge other trials until a companion more congenial is found.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 155; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 307-8, 315; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 27.

[631] The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croit dans les plaines contigues aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus etroites que le notre, il est plus agreable a fumer, ses effets etant bien moins violens.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different plants. One is a _Cornus_, resembling our _Cornus sanguinea_; after having detached the epidermic cuticle, they sc.r.a.pe the bark and dry it, when it is ready for use. Another is a Vaccinium with red berries; they gather the leaves to smoke them when dry; the third is a small shrub, the fruit and flower of which I have never seen, but resembles certain species of Daphnads (particularly that of Kauai), the leaves of which are in like manner smoked.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p.

130; see also p. 132; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 250; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 306; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 174; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 25-6; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3.

[632] 'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi montees, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune a elle seule, de porter la pauvre bete, que le cheval etait a meme de supporter leurs poids.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 127; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.

266, 309-11, 316; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178.

[633] 'With strong const.i.tutions generally, they either die at once or readily recover.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581. 'There is no lack of pulmonary difficulties among them.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 155. Syphilis usually kills them. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 316. 'The _convollaria stellata_ ... is the best remedial plant known among those Indians.' _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p.

273; _Davies_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 132; _Prince_, in _Cal.

Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 276; _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 228-9, 240-2.