The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 65

_Clum_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking Indians I have ever seen.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.' _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 326. 'Hair is very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to belong to the Asiatic type.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.'

_Houstoun's Texas_, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.' _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580. 'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind schone Leute.' _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt.

ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.' _Brantz-Mayer's Mex.

Aztec., etc._, vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.' _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen it in the Indians.' _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 71. 'Crian pie menor que los otros indios.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampinos.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos bien proporcionados ... y ninguna barba.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom.

v., p. 314; see also _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp.

370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a bright complexion, inclining to yellow.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117.

'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.' _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur fonce.' 'Comme ces Indiens ne font leur nourriture que de chair et princ.i.p.alement de celle de l'ane et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si penetrante que les chevaux et surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitot qu'ils les eventent.'

_Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 187.

[651] 'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den vollstandig gleichma.s.sigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 274; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384; _Browne's Apache Country_, 107; _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, pp. 15, 18; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 98, 110.

[652] Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical blue lines.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas: 'Doch ist ihnen das Tatowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen Punkten und Linien schmucken.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 385; _Stratton's Capt.

Oatman Girls_, pp. 151-2; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate; _Michler_, in _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 32.

[653] 'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise bemalt, namlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der Stirne uber Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 383, 385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.'

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tinen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.' _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 5. 'Pintura de greda y almagre con que se untan la cara, brazos y piernas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 371; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 11; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 337; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 110; _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858.

[654] 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.'

_Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and dirty finery.' _Ives' Colorado Rept._, pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.'

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 336, 342; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 162; _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124; _Whipple_, in _Pac.

R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 33; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 29, 132; _Soc.

Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 93, p. 186; _Indian Traits_, vol. i., in _Hayes Col._

[655] 'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied scantily round their waists.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 336. 'Long fringe of strips of willow bark wound around the waist.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat, made of strips of bark.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 66. 'Nude, with the exception of a diminutive breech cloth.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 29.

'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cascara interior del sauce.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.

iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura a la rodilla con la cascara interior del sauce.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom.

iii., p. 111; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p.

138; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., plate and cuts; _Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 364; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Michler_, in _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.

Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 109, 110, with plate.

[656] 'Partly clothed like the Spaniards, with wide drawers, moccasins and leggings to the knee ... their moccasins have turned-up square toes ... mostly they have no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic helmets.' _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 184. 'They prefer the legging and blanket to any other dress.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 320, 328. 'Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61. 'Los hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza o piel del venado la que emplean en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete o gorra de lo mismo, tal vez adornado de plumas de aves, o cuernos de animales.... El vestuario de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam foeminae quam mares.' _Benavides_, in _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 316; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 431, 437; _Sonora, Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 5; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p.

214; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 451; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 210, 211; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p.

174; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 248; _Roedel_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 397; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161, 424; see also _Froebel's Cent. Am._, pp. 309, 490; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., pp. 46, 166, 167; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom. ii., p. 173; _Beaumont_, _Cron. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 417; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82.

[657] The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the head into a compact ma.s.s with mud.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18.

'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with oil.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 33, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken Haare, die mittelst na.s.ser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their bodies and hair with mud.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 61, 63.

[658] Small white beads are highly prized by the Mohaves. _Ives'

Colorado River_, pp. 68-9. 'The young girls wear beads ... a necklace with a single sea-sh.e.l.l in front.' The men 'leather bracelets, trimmed with bright b.u.t.tons ... eagles' feathers, called "sormeh," sometimes white, sometimes of a crimson tint ... strings of wampum, made of circular pieces of sh.e.l.l.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 114, 115. 'Sh.e.l.ls of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are the favorite ornaments of both s.e.xes' with the Apaches. _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en el cuello y brazos son sartas de pesunas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de pescado y raices de yerbas odoriferas. Las familias mas pudientes y aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.'

_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 371. 'Adornanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de conchas coloradas redondas.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas o aretes, se cuelgan conchas enteras de nacar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.'

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 424; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 222; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 167; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 181; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 60-64; _Michler_, in _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, pp. 109-110; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 389, 394, 399; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 210; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 364; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, pp.

418-19; _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268, 273; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Mexikanische Zustande_, tom. i., p. 64.

[659] The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both s.e.xes; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar in einen d.i.c.ken Zopf zusammengeknotet.' _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom.

iv., p. 36; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329.

[660] 'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with greater comfort than any other tribe, and wear woolen and well-tanned buckskin ... the outer seams are adorned with silver or bra.s.s b.u.t.tons.'

_Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with c.o.c.ks', eagles' or vultures' feathers. _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 481, 482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewohnlich mit einem Busch kurzer, glanzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder Adlerfedern geschmuckt ist.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.'

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74.

'Their wardrobes are never extravagantly supplied.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. The women 'wear a blanket.'

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128, and plate. The women 'wore blankets, leggins and moccasons.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 51, 52, 81.

'Over all is thrown a blanket, under and sometimes over which is worn a belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of belt of beads and porcupine quills.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 118-9.

_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom. iv., pp. 36, 37; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec.

Com._, 1867, p. 344; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305.

[661] 'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and b.r.e.a.s.t.s.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque foeminae facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 310; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32.

[662] 'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and gla.s.s.'

_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182. 'Der d.i.c.ke und lang uber den Rucken hinabhangende Zopf mit abwarts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grosse einer ma.s.sigen Unterta.s.se beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grosse eines halben Thalers endigten.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100, and _Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver ornaments and pearls.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.' _Beaumont_, _Cron. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 194; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.

115; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii.; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224.

[663] 'Im Gesichte mit Zinn.o.ber bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern geschmuckt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their hair.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking themselves with paint, beads and feathers.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 26, 30. 'Vederbosschen op't hoofd.' _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p.

209. 'En quanto a los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches 'de tout s.e.xe portent un miroir attache au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.' _Soc.

Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 35, 36; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp.

181, 194, 197, 202; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Simpson's Jour. Mil.

Recon._, p. 119; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _Larenaudiere_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p.

80; _Gilliam's Trav._, p. 305; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 25.

[664] 'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp.

180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vetement une peau de buffle en manteau.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192.

'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos capotillos del mismo cuero.' _Beaumont_, _Cron. de Mechoacan, MS._, p.

527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas y bordadas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal que cubre sus verguenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam foeminae gossypinis tunicis et ferarum exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris, ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quae e ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Foeminis capillus bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo praeterea velamine caput tegebant.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 311; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, pp. 99, 101; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Warden_, _Recherches_, pp. 79, 80; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 31, 91; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 22; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 29, 45; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 15; _Larenaudiere_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., pp. 252, 272, 273; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 216, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 243; _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. iv., p. 127; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

109; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Gregg's Com.

Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p.

228; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp.

134, 135; _Maillard_, _Hist. Tex._, p. 240, _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; _Castano de Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Ined._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Houstoun's Tex._, p. 227; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 184; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24.

[665] The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.'

_Cremony's Apaches_, p. 240. 'Cette nation etant nomade et toujours a la poursuite du gibier.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 44; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202; _Backus_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p.

213; _Ten Broeck_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1858, p. 206; _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 325; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 325; _Holley's Texas_, p. 152; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 437; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, pt. x., p. 456.

[666] 'The princ.i.p.al characteristic I believe, is the form of their wigwams; one sets up erect poles, another bends them over in a circular form, and the third gives them a low oval shape.' _Bartlett's Pers.

Nar._, vol. i., p. 106. Other tribes make their lodges in a different way, by a knowledge of which circ.u.mstance, travelers are able to discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile or friendly tribe. _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., p. 315.

[667] 'Sus chozas o jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los arboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, o cibolos.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud lodge.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 77. 'The Camanches make their lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops together.' _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213. Huts are only temporary, conical, of sticks. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289.

'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, deren Wolbung auf starken Pfahlen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde, Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme ronde.' _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18; _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 194; _Ives' Colorado River_, p. 100; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 482.

[668] 'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon which rest brush and dirt.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 111-12. 'The very rudest huts hastily constructed of branches of cedar trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. These huts are about eight feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and mud. _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet high.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 213. 'Ils habitent sous des tentes.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., tom. 96, p. 192; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 414; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 243; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.

i., p. 290; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Villa-Senor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 413; _Dufey_, _Resume de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 279; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 131; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 97; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p.

352; _Emory's Recon._, p. 61; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 219; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cli., p. 274; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; _Beaumont_, _Cron. de Mechoacan_, p. 417; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.

iii., p. 431; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 239; see also, _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 109-115; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 230; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p. 443; _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 301; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 544; _Hardy's Trav._, p.

336.

[669] _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush roof.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Hughes'