The Future: six drivers of global change Part 102

Tam, "Scientists Seek to Unravel the Mystery of IQ."

261 link genetic information about a child to intelligence

"Bob Abernathy's Interview with Francis Collins," PBS Religion and Ethics Weekly, November 7, 2008.

262 eventually genes a.s.sociated with intelligence may well be identified

Moheb Costandia, "Genetic Variants Build a Smarter Brain," Science, June 19, 2012.

263 measured by Moore's Law

Ian H. Stevenson and Konrad P. Kording, "How Advances in Neural Recording Affect Data a.n.a.lysis," Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (February 2011): 13942.

264 which has only 302 neurons, has been completed

Jonah Lehrer, "Neuroscience: Making Connections," Nature, January 28, 2009.

265 Nevertheless, with an estimated 100 billion neurons

Ibid.

266 and at least 100 trillion synaptic connections

"Scientists Have New Help Finding Their Way Around Brain's Nooks and Crannies," ScienceDaily, August 9, 2011, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110809184153.htm.

267 mapping all of the proteins that are expressed by the genes

Human Genome Project, "The Science Behind the Human Genome Project: From Genome to Proteome," March 26, 2008, http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml.

268 which themselves adopt multiple geometric forms

Jie Lang et al., "Geometric Structures of Proteins for Understanding Folding, Discriminating Natives and Predicting Biochemical Functions," 2009, http://gila-fw.bioengr.uic.edu/lab/papers/2009/protein-liang.pdf.

269 biochemical modifications after they are translated by the genes

Christopher Walsh et al., "Protein Posttranslational Modifications: The Chemistry of Proteome Diversifications," Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 44 (2005): 734272.

270 "in extraordinarily complex biochemical cascades"

Evan R. Goldstein, "The Strange Neuroscience of Immortality," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 16, 2012.

271 Exploiting advances in the new field of optogenetics

Karl Deisseroth, "Optogenetics: Controlling the Brain with Light," Scientific American, October 20, 2010.

272 corresponding genes, which then become optical switches

Matthew Hougan and Bruce Altevogt, From Molecules to Minds: Challenges for the 21st Century (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: National Academies Press, 2008).

273 observe its effects on other neurons with a green light

Ibid.; Carl E. Schoonover and Abby Rabinowitz, "Control Desk for the Neural Switchboard," New York Times, May 16, 2011.

274 control of symptoms a.s.sociated with Parkinson's disease

Amy Barth, "Controlling Brains with a Flick of a Light Switch," Discover Magazine, September 2012.

275 by having each category light up in a different color

Hougan and Altevogt, From Molecules to Minds; Schoonover and Rabinowitz, "Control Desk for the Neural Switchboard."

276 much more detailed visual map of neuronal connections

Hougan and Altevogt, From Molecules to Minds.