The Future: six drivers of global change Part 112

427 extreme caloric restriction extends the lives of rodents dramatically

Taubes, "The Timeless and Trendy Effort to Find-or Create-the Fountain of Youth."

428 adjustment has the same effect on longevity in humans

Gina Kolata, "Severe Diet Doesn't Prolong Life, at Least in Monkeys," New York Times, August 30, 2012.

429 rhesus monkeys do not live longer with severe caloric restrictions

Ibid.

430 experts on all sides point out, between longevity and aging

Roger B. McDonald and Rodney C. Ruhe, "Aging and Longevity: Why Knowing the Difference Is Important to Nutrition Research," Nutrients 3 (2011): 27482.

431 to slow or reverse unwanted manifestations of the aging process

Gretchen Voss, "The Risks of Anti-Aging Medicine," CNN, March 30, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/28/health/age-youth-treatment-medication/index.html; Dan Childs, "Growth Hormone Ineffective for Anti-Aging, Studies Say," ABC News, January 16, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/ActiveAging/story?id=2797099&page=1#.UGDZ3Y40jdk.

432 most prominently, testosterone

"Anti-Aging Hormones: Little or No Benefit and the Risks Are High, According to Experts," ScienceDaily, April 13, 2010, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100413121326.htm.

433 genetic factors that can be used to extend longevity in others

Barzilai et al., "The Place of Genetics in Ageing Research."

434 over the last century have come from improvements in sanitation

Robert Kunzig, "7 Billion: How Your World Will Change," National Geographic, November 1, 2011.

435 about one extra year per decade

Curtsinger, "Genes, Aging, and Prospects for Extended Life Span."

436 Much of this work is now focused on malaria, tuberculosis

United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.

437 HIV/AIDS, influenza

George Verikios et al., "The Global Economic Effects of Pandemic Influenza," paper prepared for the 14th Annual Conference on Global Economic a.n.a.lysis, Venice, June 1618, 2011, https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/5291.pdf.

438 viral pneumonia

Olli Ruuskanen, Elina Lahti, Lance C Jennings, and David R Murdoch, "Viral Pneumonia," Lancet 377 (2011): 126475.

439 and multiple so-called "neglected tropical diseases"

Dr. Lorenzo Savioli, World Health Organization, "Neglected Tropical Diseases: Letter from the Director," 2011, http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/director/en/index.html.

440 In 2012, the number fell to 1.7 million

Deena Beasley and Tom Miles, "AIDS Deaths Worldwide Dropping as Access to Drugs Improves," July 18, 2012, Reuters.

441 reduce the infection rate continue to be focused on preventive education

Avert, "Introduction to HIV Prevention," http://www.avert.org/prevent-hiv.htm.

442 the distribution of condoms in high-risk areas

United Nations Population Fund, Preventing HIV/AIDS, "Comprehensive Condom Programming: A Strategic Response to HIV and AIDS," http://www.unfpa.org/hiv/programming.htm.

443 and accelerated efforts to develop a vaccine

Beasley and Miles, "AIDS Deaths Worldwide Dropping as Access to Drugs Improves."