The Future: six drivers of global change Part 20

15 astrologers of ancient Babylon used a double clock

Fred Polak, The Image of the Future (Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific, 1973), p. 5.

16 will still linger there-still trapping heat

Daniel Schrag, personal interview.

17 "need to enlarge knowledge, through the development of sciences and arts"

Mike Salvaris, "The Idea of Progress in History: Future Directions in Measuring Australia's Progress," Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010.

18 "earthly to heavenly things, and from the visible to the invisible"

Robert Nisbet, "The Idea of Progress," Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought 2, no. 1 (1979).

19 China as a guide for those who wish to progress

Peter Hubral, "The Tao: Modern Pathway to Ancient Wisdom," Philosopher 98, no. 1 (2010), http://www.the-philosopher.co.uk/taowisdom.htm; Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Mas'udi, "How Do We Come Upon New Ideas?," First Break 29 (March 2011).

20 "true scientific progress and hence actual achievement"

Salvaris, "The Idea of Progress in History."

21 contributed to a fascination with the physical as well as the philosophical legacies

Polak, The Image of the Future, pp. 8295.

22 In the seventeenth century, the father of microbiology

Jonathan Janson, "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (16321723)," Essential Vermeer, http://www.essentialvermeer.com/dutch-painters/dutch_art/leeuwenhoek.html.

23 been invented in Holland less than a century earlier

n.o.bel Media, "Microscopes: Time Line," http://www.n.o.belprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/timeline/index.html.

24 through them discovered cells and bacteria

Ibid.

25 camera obscura, made possible by the new understanding of optics

In addition to their friends.h.i.+p and possible artistic collaboration, Van Leeuwenhoek was also the executor of Vermeer's will. Jonathan Janson, "Vermeer and the Camera Obscura," Essential Vermeer, http://www.essentialvermeer.com/camera_obscura/co_one.html; Philip Steadman, "Vermeer and the Camera Obscura," BBC History, February 17, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/vermeer_camera_01.shtml.

26 "the steady step of amelioration, and will in time, I trust, disappear from the earth"

Thomas Jefferson, "To William Ludlow," September 6, 1824, The Portable Thomas Jefferson (New York: Penguin, 1977), p. 583.

27 but Lyell amply proved that the Earth was not thousands

Richard A. Fortey, "Charles Lyell and Deep Time," Geoscientist 21, no. 9 (October 2011); V. G. Kuznetsov, "Importance of Charles Lyell's Works for the Formation of Scientific Geological Ideology," Lithology and Mineral Resources 46, no. 2 (2011): 18697; Mark Lewis, "The History of the Future," Forbes, October 15, 2007.

28 4.5 billion, we now know

"History of Life on Earth," BBC Nature, http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth.

29 Darwin took Lyell's books with him during his voyage on the Beagle

Fortey, "Charles Lyell and Deep Time"; Kuznetsov, "Importance of Charles Lyell's Works for the Formation of Scientific Geological Ideology."

30 Aristotle wrote that the end of a thing defines its essential nature

Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics, Book 2, Section 1219a.

31 More than a decade before writing Faust