The Future: six drivers of global change Part 91

Michael Totty, "A Faster Path to Biofuels," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2011.

76 protein for human consumption

Jeffrey Bartholet, "When Will Scientists Grow Meat in a Petri Dish?," Scientific American, May 17, 2011; H. L. Tuomisto, "Food Security and Protein Supply-Cultured Meat a Solution?," 2010, http://oxford.academia.edu/HannaTuomisto/Papers/740015/Food_Security_and_Protein_Supply_-Cultured_meat_a_solution.

77 "a juggernaut already beyond the reach of governance"

Caruso, "Synthetic Biology."

78 "not only for one, but also for all humanity"

Jun w.a.n.g, Science, "Personal Genomes: For One and for All," Science, February 11, 2011.

79 junk DNA actually contains millions of "on-off switches"

Gina Kolata, "Bits of Mystery DNA, Far from 'Junk,' Play Crucial Role," New York Times, September 6, 2012.

80 "very complicated three-dimensional structure"

Brandon Keim, "New DNA Encyclopedia Attempts to Map Function of Entire Human Genome," Wired, September 5, 2012.

81 first human genome ten years ago was approximately $3 billion

John Markoff, "Cost of Gene Sequencing Falls, Raising Hopes for Medical Advances," New York Times, March 8, 2012.

82 to be available at a cost of only $1,000 per person

Ibid.

83 At that price, according to experts

Ibid.

84 "all important topics for future discussions"

Ibid.

85 gene-sequencing machine for less than $900

Oxford Nanopore Technologies, "Oxford Nanopore Introduces DNA 'Strand Sequencing' on the High-Throughput GridION Platform and Presents MinION, a Sequencer the Size of a USB Memory Stick," February 17, 2012, http://www.nanoporetech.com/news/press-releases/view/39/.

86 has long been measured by Moore's Law

K. A. Wetterstrand, "DNA Sequencing Costs: Data from the NHGRI Large-Scale Genome Sequencing Program," www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts.

87 cost for sequencing began to drop at a significantly faster pace

Ibid.

88 increases in the length of DNA strands that can be quickly a.n.a.lyzed

Jeffrey Fisher and Mostafa Ronaghi, "The Current Status and Future Outlook for Genomic Technologies," National Academy of Engineering, Winter 2010; Neil Bowdler, "1000 Genomes project maps 95% of all gene variations," BBC, October 27, 2011.

89 breakneck speed for the foreseeable future

Ibid.

90 producing synthetic genomes

John Carroll, "Life Technologies Budgets $100M for Synthetic Biology Deals," Fierce Biotech, June 3, 2010, http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/life-technologies-budgets-100m-synthetic-biology-deals/2010-06-03.

91 introduction by Hammurabi of the first written set of laws

Paul Halsall, "Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 BCE," Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, March 1998, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp.