The Future: six drivers of global change Part 95

142 "possible copying mechanism for the genetic material"

J. D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick, "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids," Nature, April 25, 1953.

143 science of cloning, genetic engineering, and genetic screening

See, for example: Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight and the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, "Commercialization of Academic Biomedical Research," June 89, 1981; Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, "Genetic Screening and the Handling of High-Risk Groups in the Workplace," October 1415, 1981.

144 and fifteen years later they succeeded with Dolly

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Human Genome Project, "Cloning Fact Sheet," May 11, 2009, http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml#animalsQ.

145 they have cloned many other livestock and other animals

Ibid.

146 ethical concerns that had prevented them from attempting such procedures

Dan W. Brock, "Cloning Human Beings: An a.s.sessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," in Cloning Human Beings, vol. 2, Commissioned Papers (Rockville, MD: National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 1997), http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/nbac/pubs/cloning2/cc5.pdf.

147 human cloning has been made illegal in almost every country in Europe

Ibid.; "19 European Nations OK Ban on Human Cloning," National Catholic Register, April 18, 1999.

148 "protection of the security of human genetic material"

Brock, "Cloning Human Beings."

149 clear form of harm to the individual who is cloned or to society

Brian Alexander, "(You)2," Wired, February 2001; "Dolly's Legacy," Nature, February 22, 2007; Steve Connor, "Human Cloning Is Now 'Inevitable,' " Independent, August 30, 2000; John Tierney, "Are Scientists Playing G.o.d? It Depends on Your Religion," New York Times, November 20, 2007.

150 a line of identical embryonic stem cells that reproduced themselves

David Cyranoski, "Cloned Human Embryo Makes Working Stem Cells," Nature, October 5, 2011.

151 Several countries

Tierney, "Are Scientists Playing G.o.d?"

152 has broken this modern taboo against human cloning

Steve Connor, " 'I Can Clone a Human Being'-Fertility Doctor," New Zealand Herald, April 22, 2009; Tierney, "Are Scientists Playing G.o.d?"

153 There has yet been no confirmed birth of a human clone

National Human Genome Research Inst.i.tute, Cloning Fact Sheet.

154 other forms of technological progress

Brock, "Cloning Human Beings."

155 that it is inevitable in any case

Roman Altshuler, "Human Cloning Revisited: Ethical Debate in the Technological Worldview," Biomedical Law & Ethics 3, no. 2 (2009): 17795.

156 most experiments because of the medical benefits that can be gained

Brock, "Cloning Human Beings."

157 individuals and run the risk of "commoditizing" human beings

Ibid.; Altshuler, "Human Cloning Revisited."

158 views of the rights and protections due to every person