The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley Part 21

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[443] Lewis, pp. 194-5.

[444] Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736.

[445] Gibbs, (b), p. 224.

[446] Swan, p. 323.

As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief of the Yakima as their chief.[447] The general similarity of the Walla Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that of the Nez Perce is mentioned by Lewis.

[447] Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I.

Cultural elements, especially those a.s.sociated with the horse and with the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the region to the southeast, and show a great similarity to the Plains type of culture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type before the introduction of the horse, is a question.[448] On the Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their manner of living in the next few years.[449] This agrees very well with the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to Teit.[450] All this would tend to show that the horse, while common in the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier customs of the natives.

[448] Lewis, p. 179.

[449] Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19.

[450] Teit, (a), p. 257.

The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, which probably accounts for the rapidity with which eastern types were a.s.similated when once introduced.[451]

[451] Lewis, p. 180.

Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the Thompson River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia.

As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered inferior in complexity to its northern neighbor of the southern interior of British Columbia and also to the adjacent branch near The Dalles to the south. While each of these divisions has been influenced by the others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BANCROFT, H. H. The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882.

CATLIN, GEORGE. O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867.

c.o.x, ROSS. Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New York, 1832.

DE SMET, FATHER. Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905.

DOUGLAS. D. Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part of the Continent of North America during the years 1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6, 1904-05.)

EELLS, MYRON. The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian Report, for 1886, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1889, pp. 283-295.)

FRASER, SIMON. Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802.

GATSCHET, ALBERT S. The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II, parts I-II, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1890.)

GIBBS, GEORGE. (a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the Territory of Was.h.i.+ngton. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp.

402-436, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1855.)

(b) Tribes of Western Was.h.i.+ngton and Northwestern Oregon.

(Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp.

157-241, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1877.)

HALE, HORATIO. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes.

Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846.

JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR. Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.)

KANE, PAUL. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. London, 1859.

LEWIS, ALBERT BUELL. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Was.h.i.+ngton and Oregon. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological a.s.sociation, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1906.)

LEWIS AND CLARK. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904.

LORD, JOHN KEAST. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866.

MALLERY, GARRICK. Pictographs of the North American Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1886, pp. 3-256.)

MOONEY, JAMES. The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1896.)

MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. Prehistoric Implements. A description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900.

ROSS, ALEXANDER. (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849.

(b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, 1855.

SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States.

Philadelphia, 1851-1857.

SMITH, HARLAN I. and FOWKE, GERARD. Cairns of British Columbia and Was.h.i.+ngton. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.)

SMITH, HARLAN I. (a) Sh.e.l.l-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.)

(b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound.

(Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol.

4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.)

(c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, pp. 401-442.)

(d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 129-161.)

(e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, No. 3, July-September, 1900.)

(f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, 1909).

(g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Was.h.i.+ngton.

(Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol.

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