Spycraft. Part 21

Consumer- An organization or individual who uses intelligence as part of the a.n.a.lysis or decision-making process. Consumers of intelligence include the military, State Department, and President. An organization or individual who uses intelligence as part of the a.n.a.lysis or decision-making process. Consumers of intelligence include the military, State Department, and President.

Counterespionage- Espionage operations undertaken to detect, penetrate, and counteract foreign intelligence services. Espionage operations undertaken to detect, penetrate, and counteract foreign intelligence services.

Counterintelligence- Operations and a.n.a.lysis that protect information, personnel, equipment, and installations from espionage, sabotage, and terrorism. Operations and a.n.a.lysis that protect information, personnel, equipment, and installations from espionage, sabotage, and terrorism.

Countersurveillance-Techniques used to detect and/or counteract hostile surveillance.

Cover- An organizational affiliation used by a person, organization, or installation to prevent identification with an intelligence service. An organizational affiliation used by a person, organization, or installation to prevent identification with an intelligence service.

Covert communication (covcom) - Any technique or device used to relay data clandestinely from case officer to agent or agent to case officer. Any technique or device used to relay data clandestinely from case officer to agent or agent to case officer.

Cryptonym- A deceptive code name a.s.signed to an operation, individual, or case. CIA cryptonyms often included two-letter prefixes for internal identification. A deceptive code name a.s.signed to an operation, individual, or case. CIA cryptonyms often included two-letter prefixes for internal identification.

Dangle- An individual or situation used as a lure to attract and identify intelligence officers of a hostile service. An individual or situation used as a lure to attract and identify intelligence officers of a hostile service.

DCI- Director of Central Intelligence. Director of Central Intelligence.

DCIA- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

DDO- Deputy Director for Operations of CIA. Deputy Director for Operations of CIA.

DDP- Deputy Director for Plans of CIA. Deputy Director for Plans of CIA.

Dead drop-A method of communication between an agent and handler in which materials or devices are left unsecured in a preselected location, typically in some form of concealment. A dead drop may either be hidden from view or placed in the open in some manner that either blends in with the immediate surroundings and/or discourages close inspection by pa.s.sersby.

Denied area- A term used by the CIA to describe a country or geographic region where clandestine operations are very difficult. A term used by the CIA to describe a country or geographic region where clandestine operations are very difficult.

Diplomatic cover- An intelligence officer identified and accredited as a member of a nation's diplomatic corps. An intelligence officer identified and accredited as a member of a nation's diplomatic corps.

Directorate of Operations (DO) -The CIA component responsible for conducting HUMINT espionage operations abroad. Renamed the National Clandestine Service (NCS) in 2005.

Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T) -The CIA component responsible for applying technology and technical expertise to intelligence requirements.

Division 19- A research and development unit under the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) that supported OSS technical requirements during World War II. A research and development unit under the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) that supported OSS technical requirements during World War II.

DNI- Director of National Intelligence. The position of DNI was established in 2005 for coordinating the activities of all U.S. intelligence agencies. Director of National Intelligence. The position of DNI was established in 2005 for coordinating the activities of all U.S. intelligence agencies.

Doc copy (doc.u.ment copy)-A device or procedure related to the clandestine copying of doc.u.ments with intelligence value. Doc copy devices can include small cameras, digital scanners, or media-copying procedures.

Drum's Bible-The 1951 report prepared by Colonel James H. ("Trapper") Drum, head of the Agency's Operational Aids Division, which formed the foundation for a centralized technical support organization.

Family jewels-A compilation of the most sensitive CIA operations. The phrase was first used by DCI Allen Dulles to describe his written notes on operations in the field during World War II with OSS. The term was revived in the 1970s during the U.S. Senate Church Committee investigation and applied to the compilation of CIA's activities during the 1950s and 1960s.

First Chief Directorate- KGB organization during the Cold War responsible for foreign intelligence collection. In 1994 it was renamed the KGB organization during the Cold War responsible for foreign intelligence collection. In 1994 it was renamed the Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki, or Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).

Flap- An incident caused by a failed operation or error; includes both diplomatic and "public relations" repercussions resulting from an arrest of a case officer or agent and can cause internal friction and conflicts with other services. An incident caused by a failed operation or error; includes both diplomatic and "public relations" repercussions resulting from an arrest of a case officer or agent and can cause internal friction and conflicts with other services.

Flaps and seals-The clandestine opening, reading, and resealing of either envelopes or packages without the recipient's knowledge.

Foreign finds- A captured clandestine device of a hostile intelligence service. A captured clandestine device of a hostile intelligence service.

FSB (Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti)-Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation responsible for internal security and counterintelligence.

GRU (Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravleine or Chief Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff)- or Chief Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff)-Soviet, and later Russian, military intelligence service.

Handler-The individual, usually a case officer, who controls and directs an agent.

Hard target- A person or place a.s.siduously guarded against espionage efforts. A person or place a.s.siduously guarded against espionage efforts.

High-value target-An individual or installation possessing particularly important intelligence.

HUMINT (human intelligence)- Intelligence either collected or relayed by an individual. Intelligence either collected or relayed by an individual.

IED (Improvised Explosive Device)-An explosive device fas.h.i.+oned from disparate components and most often used in terrorism or guerilla warfare.

Illegal- A term used for Soviet and Russian intelligence officers operating abroad without benefit of "diplomatic cover." Illegals pose as legitimate residents of the target country and are protected only by a strong cover. A term used for Soviet and Russian intelligence officers operating abroad without benefit of "diplomatic cover." Illegals pose as legitimate residents of the target country and are protected only by a strong cover.

Intelligence requirement- Information requested by an intelligence consumer, such as the Pentagon or President. Information requested by an intelligence consumer, such as the Pentagon or President.

KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti or Committee for State Security)- or Committee for State Security)-The Cold War name for the Soviet Union's primary security and intelligence apparatus.

L-pill- A suicide pill or tablet issued to agents who preferred death to interrogation. Although popular in spy novels and movies, L-pills were rarely used operationally. A suicide pill or tablet issued to agents who preferred death to interrogation. Although popular in spy novels and movies, L-pills were rarely used operationally.

Legend- A carefully constructed cover for an intelligence officer. A carefully constructed cover for an intelligence officer.

Lemon squeezer- OTS slang for a specialist in secret writing. The term is derived from one of the oldest forms of secret writing that used lemon juice, which disappears on paper when dry and then reemerges when exposed to heat. OTS slang for a specialist in secret writing. The term is derived from one of the oldest forms of secret writing that used lemon juice, which disappears on paper when dry and then reemerges when exposed to heat.

Listening post- A secure site at which signals from an audio operation are monitored and/or recorded. The individual charged with maintaining the site is called a keeper. A secure site at which signals from an audio operation are monitored and/or recorded. The individual charged with maintaining the site is called a keeper.

Lubyanka- KGB Second Chief Directorate Headquarters, located in the center of Moscow during the Cold War. KGB Second Chief Directorate Headquarters, located in the center of Moscow during the Cold War.

Main enemy- Soviet designation of the United States during the Cold War. Soviet designation of the United States during the Cold War.

MI5-The British intelligence service responsible for internal security. It is comparable in some ways to the FBI, but its officers do not have the power to make an arrest.

MI6-The British foreign intelligence service also known as the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). It is similar to the CIA.

Maryland Research Laboratory (MRL)- A wartime research laboratory run by Division 19 of the National Development and Research Committee and located on the grounds on the Congressional Country Club just outside of Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C. A wartime research laboratory run by Division 19 of the National Development and Research Committee and located on the grounds on the Congressional Country Club just outside of Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.

Mic and wire-Tech slang for an audio operation that uses hardwiring rather than radio-frequency transmission to carry the signal from the microphone to the listening post.

Microdot- An optical reduction of a photographic negative to a size that is illegible without magnification, usually 1mm or smaller in area. An optical reduction of a photographic negative to a size that is illegible without magnification, usually 1mm or smaller in area.

Moscow rules-The distilled wisdom for conducting clandestine operations in Moscow during the Cold War.

National Development and Research Committee (NDRC)- a civilian agency created to explore new weapons for what seemed to be America's inevitable entry into World War II. a civilian agency created to explore new weapons for what seemed to be America's inevitable entry into World War II.

NIACT (night action)- An indicator used in CIA messages or cables requiring an immediate response regardless of the time of receipt. An indicator used in CIA messages or cables requiring an immediate response regardless of the time of receipt.

NKVD (Narodnyy Komisariat Vnutrennikh Del or The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)- or The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)-Forerunner of the KGB from 1934 until 1946.

Non-official cover- A CIA officer operating under a cover that has no connection to the United States government. A CIA officer operating under a cover that has no connection to the United States government.

One-time pad (OTP)- Groups of random numbers or letters arranged in columns, used for encoding and decoding messages. Since the codes are used only once, a properly employed OTP is theoretically unbreakable. Groups of random numbers or letters arranged in columns, used for encoding and decoding messages. Since the codes are used only once, a properly employed OTP is theoretically unbreakable.

One-way voice-link (OWVL)- A broadcast over a shortwave radio frequency containing a ciphered message to an agent. A broadcast over a shortwave radio frequency containing a ciphered message to an agent.

OPC (Office of Policy Coordination)-CIA element responsible for covert action until 1952. See OSO.

Open source- Any publicly available information. Any publicly available information.

OSO (Office of Special Operations)-CIA element responsible for clandestine collection of intelligence. OSO combined with the Office of Policy Coordination in August 1952 to form the Directorate of Plans.

OSS (Office of Strategic Services)- America's World War II intelligence organization. America's World War II intelligence organization.

OTS (Office of Technical Service)-The office in the DS&T that provides technical support to clandestine operations.

Overhead platform- Satellite or airplane capable of gathering intelligence through either interception of electronic signals or photography. Satellite or airplane capable of gathering intelligence through either interception of electronic signals or photography.

Paper mill-A counterfeiting operation specializing in creating realistic-appearing "intelligence doc.u.ments" in post-World War II Europe. Paper mills were responsible for the dissemination of countless false or misleading pieces of intelligence.

Persona non grata- Latin for "unwelcome person." Intelligence officers working under diplomatic cover who were caught in the act of espionage were declared persona non grata and ordered to leave the country. Latin for "unwelcome person." Intelligence officers working under diplomatic cover who were caught in the act of espionage were declared persona non grata and ordered to leave the country.

Pocket litter- Commonly carried items, such as credit cards, driver's licenses, receipts, and matchbooks that contribute to establis.h.i.+ng a cover or legend. Commonly carried items, such as credit cards, driver's licenses, receipts, and matchbooks that contribute to establis.h.i.+ng a cover or legend.

Recruitment-The process of enlisting a potential agent to spy.

Rezidentura-The Russian intelligence station inside a foreign mission.

Roll-up-The capture of an agent or intelligence officer that shuts down an operation.

Safe house- A location used for clandestine meetings and a.s.sumed temporarily safe. A location used for clandestine meetings and a.s.sumed temporarily safe.

Second Chief Directorate- KGB organization responsible for internal security and counterintelligence operations. KGB organization responsible for internal security and counterintelligence operations.

Secret writing (SW)- Use of special inks or chemically treated "carbon papers" to produce a hidden message. Use of special inks or chemically treated "carbon papers" to produce a hidden message.

Seventh Chief Directorate- KGB organization during the Cold War responsible for surveillance. KGB organization during the Cold War responsible for surveillance.

Short-range agent communication (SRAC)- A device that allows agent and officer to communicate clandestinely over a limited distance. A device that allows agent and officer to communicate clandestinely over a limited distance.

Signal site- A covert means of communication using a nonalerting signal, such as a chalk mark on a lamppost, to either initiate or terminate a clandestine act. A covert means of communication using a nonalerting signal, such as a chalk mark on a lamppost, to either initiate or terminate a clandestine act.

Signals intelligence (SIGINT)- Intelligence gathered from the interception of either electronic emissions or transmissions. Intelligence gathered from the interception of either electronic emissions or transmissions.

Silent call-An operational signal in which the agent or intelligence officer places a call from an anonymous phone and then hangs up after a predetermined amount of time without speaking.

SIS (Secret Intelligence Service)- See MI6. See MI6.

Special Operations Executive (SOE)- A British Special Forces organization charged with sabotage operations and support of underground forces during World War II. A British Special Forces organization charged with sabotage operations and support of underground forces during World War II.

Station- A forward-deployed operational office of the CIA. A forward-deployed operational office of the CIA.

Station chief- See Chief of station. See Chief of station.

Surveillance detection run/route (SDR)- A planned route taken by an agent or handler prior to conducting a clandestine act in hostile territory, designed to identify or elude surveillance. A planned route taken by an agent or handler prior to conducting a clandestine act in hostile territory, designed to identify or elude surveillance.

Target- A location, thing, facility, organization, or person against which an intelligence or counterintelligence operation is directed. A location, thing, facility, organization, or person against which an intelligence or counterintelligence operation is directed.

Technical Operations Officer (TOO)- A DS&T officer providing direct technical support to clandestine operations. A DS&T officer providing direct technical support to clandestine operations.

Temporary duty (TDY)- A field a.s.signment of short duration. A field a.s.signment of short duration.

Tradecraft-The techniques, technology, and methodologies used in covert intelligence operations. Tradecraft applies to both the procedures, such as surveillance detection routes, as well as the use of devices in covert audio surveillance and agent communications.

Tray rocker- OTS slang for one working in clandestine photography. The name derives from the way in which prints were developed in trays of chemicals. OTS slang for one working in clandestine photography. The name derives from the way in which prints were developed in trays of chemicals.

TSCM-Technical Surveillance Countermeasures.

TSD-Technical Services Division (1960-1973), predecessor to OTS.

TSS-Technical Services Staff (1951-1960), predecessor to OTS.

Walk-in- A volunteer who approaches an intelligence agency for the purpose of espionage. A volunteer who approaches an intelligence agency for the purpose of espionage.

Wood block-An audio device concealed within a block of wood that can then be attached to a piece of furniture or an architectural detail within the targeted room.

SELECTED INTELLIGENCE ACRONYMS.

Notes.

PREFACE.

1 CIA's senior ranks were reshuffled in 1995. When John Deutsch moved from Deputy Secretary of Defense to DCI, he brought with him Nora Slatkin as the Executive Director. Dave Cohen, previously a.s.sociate Deputy Director for Intelligence, became DDO and Dr. Ruth David from Sandia National Laboratories became DDS&T. George Tenet was appointed CIA Deputy Director in July 1995. CIA's senior ranks were reshuffled in 1995. When John Deutsch moved from Deputy Secretary of Defense to DCI, he brought with him Nora Slatkin as the Executive Director. Dave Cohen, previously a.s.sociate Deputy Director for Intelligence, became DDO and Dr. Ruth David from Sandia National Laboratories became DDS&T. George Tenet was appointed CIA Deputy Director in July 1995.

2 These components and functions are presented in detail in the uncla.s.sified OTS fiftieth anniversary booklet, "The Central Intelligence Agency's Office of Technical Service, 1951-2001" by Benjamin B. Fischer, 2001. These components and functions are presented in detail in the uncla.s.sified OTS fiftieth anniversary booklet, "The Central Intelligence Agency's Office of Technical Service, 1951-2001" by Benjamin B. Fischer, 2001.

3 "Budget weenie" is not an authorized CIA occupational t.i.tle. The more formal designations are budget a.n.a.lyst, financial officer, or resource manager. "Budget weenie" is not an authorized CIA occupational t.i.tle. The more formal designations are budget a.n.a.lyst, financial officer, or resource manager.

4 All of these capabilities were critical to agent operations and covert action programs but all were strapped for resources until 1999. OTS power-sources scientists solicited support from other government agencies to save the battery program. Programs such as the effort to understand and counteract the use of "spy dust" by the Soviets to track CIA officers were closed. Consideration was given in 1994 to closing, due to cost, the OTS counterterrorism training and explosive test range. Other OTS programs, such as disguise, were reduced to survival status and development of new tracking systems was limited to a handful of projects. In 1997, the Executive Director intervened to increase OTS's covcom budget but the first significant new resources in a decade did not come until a 1999 supplemental congressional appropriation funded CIA's intensified counterterrorism efforts. All of these capabilities were critical to agent operations and covert action programs but all were strapped for resources until 1999. OTS power-sources scientists solicited support from other government agencies to save the battery program. Programs such as the effort to understand and counteract the use of "spy dust" by the Soviets to track CIA officers were closed. Consideration was given in 1994 to closing, due to cost, the OTS counterterrorism training and explosive test range. Other OTS programs, such as disguise, were reduced to survival status and development of new tracking systems was limited to a handful of projects. In 1997, the Executive Director intervened to increase OTS's covcom budget but the first significant new resources in a decade did not come until a 1999 supplemental congressional appropriation funded CIA's intensified counterterrorism efforts.

5 William Hood, William Hood, Mole Mole (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1952), 11-16. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1952), 11-16.

6 Charles E. Lathrop, Charles E. Lathrop, The Literary Spy The Literary Spy (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004), 279. (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004), 279.