The Scholemaster Part 11

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of _Isocrates_: and the contrarie iudgement of _Tullie_ against _Caluus, Brutus_, and _Calidius, de genere dicendi Attico & Asiatico_.

_Dionis. Halic._ peri mimeseos. I feare is lost: which Author, next _Aristotle, Plato_, and _Tullie_, of all // _Dio. Hali-_ other, that write of eloquence, by the iudgement // _car._ of them that be best learned, deserueth the next prayse and place.

_Quintilian_ writeth of it, shortly and coldlie for the matter, yet hotelie and spitefullie enough, agaynst the // _Quintil._ Imitation of _Tullie_.

_Erasmus_, beyng more occupied in spying other mens faultes, than declaryng his own aduise, is mistaken of // _Erasmus._ many, to the great hurt of studie, for his authoritie sake. For he writeth rightlie, rightlie vnderstanded: he and _Longolius_ onelie differing in this, that the one seemeth to giue ouermoch, the other ouer litle, to him, whom they both, best loued, and chiefly allowed of all other.

_Budaeus_ in his Commentaries roughlie and obscurelie, after his kinde of writyng: and for the matter, // _Budaeus._ caryed somwhat out of the way in ouermuch misliking the Imitation of _Tullie_. // _Ph. Me-_ _Phil. Melancthon_, learnedlie and trewlie. // _lanch._ _Camerarius_ largely with a learned iudgement, // _Ioa. Cam-_ but somewhat confusedly, and with ouer rough // _mer._ a stile.

_Sambucus_, largely, with a right iudgement but somewhat a crooked stile. // _Sambucus._ Other haue written also, as _Cortesius_ to // _Cortesius._ _Politian_, and that verie well: _Bembus ad Pic.u.m_ // _P. Bembus._ a great deale better, but _Ioan. Sturmius de_ // _Ioan. Stur-_ _n.o.bilitate literata, & de Amissa dicendi ratione_, // _mius._ farre best of all, in myne opinion, that euer tooke this matter in hand. For all the rest, declare chiefly this point, whether one, or many, or all, are to be followed: but _Sturmius_ onelie hath most learnedlie declared, who is to be followed, what is to be followed, and the best point of all, by what way & order, trew Imitation is rightlie to be exercised. And although _Sturmius_ herein doth farre pa.s.se all other, yet hath he not so fullie and perfitelie done it, as I do wishe he had, and as I know he could.

For though he hath done it perfitelie for precept, yet hath he

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not done it perfitelie enough for example: which he did, neither for lacke of skill, nor by negligence, but of purpose, contented with one or two examples bicause he was mynded in those two bookes, to write of it both shortlie, and also had to touch other matters.

_Barthol. Riccius Ferrariensis_ also hath written learnedlie, diligentlie and verie largelie of this matter euen as hee did before verie well _de Apparatu linguae Lat._ He writeth the better in myne opinion, bicause his whole doctrine, iudgement, and order, semeth to be borowed out of _Io. Stur._ bookes. He addeth also examples, the best kinde of teaching: wherein he doth well, but not well enough: in deede, he committeth no faulte, but yet, deserueth small praise. He is content with the meane, and followeth not the best: as a man, that would feede vpon Acornes, whan he may eate, as good cheape, the finest wheat bread. He teacheth for example, where and how, two or three late _Italian_ Poetes do follow _Virgil_: and how _Virgil_ him selfe in the storie of _Dido_, doth wholie Imitate _Catullus_ in the like matter of _Ariadna_: Wherein I like better his diligence and order of teaching, than his iudgement in choice of examples for _Imitation_. But, if he had done thus: if he had declared where and how, how oft and how many wayes _Virgil_ doth folow _Homer_, as for example the comming of _Vlysses_ to _Alcynous_ and _Calypso_, with the comming of _aeneas_ to _Cartage_ and _Dido_: Like- wise the games running, wrestling, and shoting, that _Achilles_ maketh in _Homer_, with the selfe same games, that _aeneas_ maketh in _Virgil_: The harnesse of _Achilles_, with the harnesse of _aeneas_, and the maner of making of them both by _Vulcane_: The notable combate betwixt _Achilles_ and _Hector_, with as notable a combate betwixt _aeneas_ and _Turnus_. The going downe to h.e.l.l of _Vlysses_ in _Homer_, with the going downe to h.e.l.l of _aeneas_ in _Virgil_: and other places infinite mo, as similitudes, narrations, messages, discriptions of persones, places, battels, tempestes, s.h.i.+pwrackes, and common places for diuerse purposes, which be as precisely taken out of _Homer_, as euer did Painter in London follow the picture of any faire personage. And when thies places had bene gathered together by this way of diligence than to haue conferred them together by this order of teaching as, diligently to marke what is kept and vsed in either author, in wordes, in sentences, in matter: what is added: what is left

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out: what ordered otherwise, either _praeponendo, interponendo_, or _postponendo_: And what is altered for any respect, in word, phrase, sentence, figure, reason, argument, or by any way of circ.u.mstance: If _Riccius_ had done this, he had not onely bene well liked, for his diligence in teaching, but also iustlie com- mended for his right iudgement in right choice of examples for the best _Imitation_.

_Riccius_ also for _Imitation_ of prose declareth where and how _Longolius_ doth folow _Tullie_, but as for _Longolius_, I would not haue him the patern of our _Imitation_. In deede: in _Longolius_ shoppe, be proper and faire shewing colers, but as for shape, figure, and naturall c.u.mlines, by the iudgement of best iudging artificers, he is rather allowed as one to be borne withall, than especially commended, as one chieflie to be folowed.

If _Riccius_ had taken for his examples, where _Tullie_ him selfe foloweth either _Plato_ or _Demosthenes_, he had shot than at the right marke. But to excuse _Riccius_, somwhat, though I can not fullie defend him, it may be sayd, his purpose was, to teach onelie the Latin tong, when thys way that I do wish, to ioyne _Virgil_ with _Homer_, to read _Tullie_ with _Demosthenes_ and _Plato_, requireth a cunning and perfite Master in both the tonges. It is my wish in deede, and that by good reason: For who so euer will write well of any matter, must labor to expresse that, that is perfite, and not to stay and content himselfe with the meane: yea, I say farder, though it be not vnposible, yet it is verie rare, and meruelous hard, to proue excellent in the Latin tong, for him that is not also well seene in the Greeke tong. _Tullie_ him selfe, most excellent of nature, most diligent in labor, brought vp from his cradle, in that place, and in that tyme, where and whan the Latin tong most florished naturallie in euery mans mouth, yet was not his owne tong able it selfe to make him so cunning in his owne tong, as he was in deede: but the knowledge and _Imitation_ of the Greeke tong withall.

This he confesseth himselfe: this he vttereth in many places, as those can tell best, that vse to read him most.

Therefore thou, that shotest at perfection in the Latin tong, thinke not thy selfe wiser than _Tullie_ was, in choice of the way, that leadeth rightlie to the same: thinke not thy witte better than _Tullies_ was, as though that may serue thee that was not sufficient for him. For euen as a hauke flieth not hie with one

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wing: euen so a man reacheth not to excellency with one tong.

I haue bene a looker on in the c.o.kpit of learning thies many yeares: And one c.o.c.k onelie haue I knowne, which with one wing, euen at this day, doth pa.s.se all other, in myne opinion, that euer I saw in any pitte in England, though they had two winges. Yet neuerthelesse, to flie well with one wing, to runne fast with one leg, be rather, rare Maistreis moch to be merueled at, than sure examples safelie to be folowed. A Bushop that now liueth, a good man, whose iudgement in Religion I better like, than his opinion in per- fitnes in other learning, said once vnto me: we haue no nede now of the Greeke tong, when all thinges be translated into Latin. But the good man vnderstood not, that euen the best translation, is, for mere necessitie, but an euill imped wing to flie withall, or a heuie stompe leg of wood to go withall: soch, the hier they flie, the sooner they falter and faill: the faster they runne, the ofter they stumble, and sorer they fall. Soch as will nedes so flie, may flie at a Pye, and catch a Dawe: And soch runners, as commonlie, they shoue and sholder to stand formost, yet in the end they c.u.m behind others & deserue but the hopshakles, if the Masters of the game be right iudgers.

Therefore in perusing thus, so many diuerse bookes for Optima // _Imitation_, it came into my head that a verie pro- ratio Imi- // fitable booke might be made _de Imitatione_, after tationis. // an other sort, than euer yet was attempted of that matter, conteyning a certaine fewe fitte preceptes, vnto the which should be gathered and applied plentie of examples, out of the choisest authors of both the tonges.

This worke would stand, rather in good diligence, for the gathering, and right iudgement for the apte applying of those examples: than any great learning or vtterance at all.

The doing thereof, would be more pleasant, than painfull, & would bring also moch proffet to all that should read it, and great praise to him would take it in hand, with iust desert of thankes.

_Erasmus_, giuyng him selfe to read ouer all Authors _Greke_ _Erasmus_ // and _Latin_, seemeth to haue prescribed to him order in his // selfe this order of readyng: that is, to note out studie. // by the way, three speciall pointes: All Adagies,

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all similitudes, and all wittie sayinges of most notable person- ages: And so, by one labour, he left to posteritie, three notable bookes, & namelie two his _Chiliades, Apophthegmata_ and _Similia_.

Likewise, if a good student would bend him selfe to read diligently ouer Tullie, and with him also at // {_Plato._ the same tyme, as diligently _Plato_, & _Xenophon_, // {_Xenophon._ with his bookes of Philosophie, _Isocrates_, & // Cicero. {_Isocrates._ _Demosthenes_ with his orations, & _Aristotle_ with // {_Demosth._ his Rhetorickes: which fiue of all other, be // {_Aristotles._ those, whom _Tullie_ best loued, & specially followed: & would marke diligently in _Tullie_ where he doth _exprimere_ or _effingere_ (which be the verie propre wordes of Imitation) either, _Copiam Platonis_ or _venustatem Xenophontis, suauitatem Isocratis_, or _vim Demosthenis, propriam & puram subtilitatem Aristotelis_, and not onelie write out the places diligentlie, and lay them together orderlie, but also to conferre them with skilfull iudgement by those few rules, which I haue expressed now twise before: if that diligence were taken, if that order were vsed, what perfite knowledge of both the tonges, what readie and pithie vtterance in all matters, what right and deepe iudgement in all kinde of learnyng would follow, is sca.r.s.e credible to be beleued.

These bookes, be not many, nor long, nor rude in speach, nor meane in matter, but next the Maiestie of G.o.ds holie word, most worthie for a man, the louer of learning and honestie, to spend his life in. Yea, I haue heard worthie _M. Cheke_ many tymes say: I would haue a good student pa.s.se and iorney through all Authors both _Greke_ and _Latin_: but he that will dwell in these few bookes onelie: first, in G.o.ds holie Bible, and than ioyne with it, _Tullie_ in _Latin, Plato, Aristotle: Xenophon: Isocrates_: and _Demosthenes_ in _Greke_: must nedes proue an excel- lent man.

Some men alreadie in our dayes, haue put to their helping handes, to this worke of Imitation. As _Peri-_ // _Perionius._ _onius, Henr. Stepha.n.u.s in dictionario Ciceroniano_, // _H. Steph._ and _P. Victorius_ most praiseworthelie of all, in // _P. Victor-_ that his learned worke conteyning xxv. bookes _de_ // _ius._ _varia lectione_: in which bookes be ioyned diligentlie together the best Authors of both the tonges where one doth seeme to imitate an other.

But all these, with _Macrobius, Hessus_, and other, be no

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more but common porters, caryers, and bringers of matter and stuffe togither. They order nothing: They lay before you, what is done: they do not teach you, how it is done: They busie not them selues with forme of buildyng: They do not declare, this stuffe is thus framed by _Demosthenes_, and thus and thus by _Tullie_, and so likewise in _Xenophon, Plato_ and _Isocrates_ and _Aristotle_. For ioyning _Virgil_ with _Homer_ I haue suf- ficientlie declared before.

The like diligence I would wish to be taken in _Pindar_ and _Pindarus._ // _Horace_ an equall match for all respectes.

_Horatius._ // In Tragedies, (the goodliest Argument of all, and for the vse, either of a learned preacher, or a Ciuill Ientleman, more profitable than _Homer, Pindar, Virgill_, and _Horace_: yea comparable in myne opinion, with the doctrine _Sophocles._ // of _Aristotle, Plato_, and _Xenophon_,) the _Grecians_, _Euripides._ // _Sophocles_ and _Euripides_ far ouer match our _Seneca_, _Seneca._ // in _Latin_, namely in oikonomia _et Decoro_, although _Senacaes_ elocution and verse be verie commendable for his tyme.

And for the matters of _Hercules, Thebes, Hippolytus_, and _Troie_, his Imitation is to be gathered into the same booke, and to be tryed by the same touchstone, as is spoken before.

In histories, and namelie in _Liuie_, the like diligence of Imitation, could bring excellent learning, and breede stayde iudgement, in taking any like matter in hand.

Onely _Liuie_ were a sufficient taske for one mans studie, _t.i.t. Liuius._ // to compare him, first with his fellow for all re- _Dion. Hali-_ // spectes, _Dion. Halicarna.s.saeus_: who both, liued in _carn._ // one tyme: tooke both one historie in hande to write: deserued both like prayse of learnyng and eloquence.

_Polibius._ // Than with _Polybius_ that wise writer, whom _Liuie_ professeth to follow: & if he would denie it, yet it is plaine, that the best part of the thyrd _Decade_ in _Liuie_, is in _Thucidides._ // a maner translated out of the thyrd and rest of _Polibius_: Lastlie with _Thucydides_, to whose Imita- tion _Liuie_ is curiouslie bent, as may well appeare by that one 1 _Decad._ // Oration of those of _Campania_, asking aide of the _Lib._ 7. // _Romanes_ agaynst the _Samnites_, which is wholie taken, Sentence, Reason, Argument, and order, _Thucid._ 1. // out of the Oration of _Corcyra_, asking like aide of the _Athenienses_ against them of _Corinth_. If some

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diligent student would take paynes to compare them togither, he should easelie perceiue, that I do say trew. A booke, thus wholie filled with examples of Imitation, first out of _Tullie_, compared with _Plato, Xenophon, Isocrates, Demosthenes_ and _Aristotle_: than out of _Virgil_ and _Horace_, with _Homer_ and _Pindar_: next out of _Seneca_ with _Sophocles_ and _Euripides_: Lastlie out of _Liuie_, with _Thucydides, Polibius_ and _Halicarna.s.saeus_, gathered with good diligence, and compared with right order, as I haue expressed before, were an other maner of worke for all kinde of learning, & namely for eloquence, than be those cold gatheringes of _Macrobius, Hessus, Perionius, Stepha.n.u.s_, and _Victorius_, which may be vsed, as I sayd before, in this case, as porters and caryers, deseruing like prayse, as soch men do wages; but onely _Sturmius_ is he, out of whom, the trew suruey and whole workemans.h.i.+p is speciallie to be learned.

I trust, this my writyng shall giue some good student occasion, to take some peece in hand of this worke of Imitation.

And as I had rather haue any do it, than my // Opus de selfe, yet surelie my selfe rather than none at all. // recta imi- And by G.o.ds grace, if G.o.d do lend me life, with // tandi ratione.

health, free laysure and libertie, with good likyng and a merie heart, I will turne the best part of my studie and tyme, to toyle in one or other peece of this worke of Imitation.

This diligence to gather examples, to giue light and vnder- standyng to good preceptes, is no new inuention, but speciallie vsed of the best Authors and oldest writers. For _Aristotle_ // _Aristoteles._ him selfe, (as _Diog. Laertius_ declareth) when he had written that goodlie booke of the _Topickes_, did gather out of stories and Orators, so many examples as filled xv. bookes, onelie to expresse the rules of his _Topickes_. These were the Commentaries, that _Aristotle_ thought fit for hys // Commen- _Topickes_: And therfore to speake as I thinke, I // tarij Grae- neuer saw yet any Commentarie vpon _Aristotles_ // ci et Lati- Logicke, either in _Greke_ or _Latin_, that euer I // ni in Dia- lyked, bicause they be rather spent in declaryng // lect. Ari- scholepoynt rules, than in gathering fit examples // stotelis.

for vse and vtterance, either by pen or talke. For preceptes in all Authors, and namelie in _Aristotle_, without applying vnto them, the Imitation of examples, be hard, drie, and cold, and therfore barrayn, vnfruitfull and vnpleasant. But _Aristotle_,

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namelie in his _Topicks_ and _Elenches_, should be, not onelie fruitfull, but also pleasant to, if examples out of _Plato_, and other good Authors, were diligentlie gathered, and aptlie Precepta // applied vnto his most perfit preceptes there.

in Aristot. // And it is notable, that my frende _Sturmius_ writeth Exempla // herein, that there is no precept in _Aristotles_ in _Platone._ // _Topickes_ wherof plentie of examples be not manifest in _Platos_ workes. And I heare say, that an excellent learned man, _Tomita.n.u.s_ in _Italie_, hath expressed euerie fallacion in _Aristotle_, with diuerse examples out of _Plato_. Would to G.o.d, I might once see, some worthie student of _Aristotle_ and _Plato_ in Cambrige, that would ioyne in one booke the preceptes of the one, with the examples of the other. For such a labor, were one speciall peece of that worke of Imitation, which I do wishe were gathered together in one Volume.

Cambrige, at my first comming thither, but not at my going away, committed this fault in reading the preceptes of _Aristotle_ without the examples of other Authors: But herein, in my time thies men of worthie memorie, _M. Redman_, _M. Cheke, M. Smith, M. Haddon, M. Watson_, put so to their helping handes, as that vniuersitie, and all studentes there, as long as learning shall last, shall be bounde vnto them, if that trade in studie be trewlie folowed, which those men left behinde them there.

By this small mention of Cambridge, I am caryed into three imaginations: first, into a sweete remembrance of my tyme spent there: than, into som carefull thoughts, for the greuous alteration that folowed sone after: lastlie, into much ioy to heare tell, of the good recouerie and earnest forwardnes in all good learning there agayne.

To vtter theis my thoughts somwhat more largelie, were somwhat beside my matter, yet not very farre out of the way, bycause it shall wholy tend to the good encoragement and right consideration of learning, which is my full purpose in writing this litle booke: whereby also shall well appeare this sentence to be most trewe, that onely good men, by their gouernment & example, make happie times, in euery degree and state.

Doctor _Nico. Medcalfe_, that honorable father, was Master _D. Nic._ // of _S. Iohnes_ Colledge, when I came thether: A _Medcalf._ // man meanelie learned himselfe, but not meanely

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affectioned to set forward learning in others. He found that Colledge spending sca.r.s.e two hundred markes by yeare: he left it spending a thousand markes and more. Which he procured, not with his mony, but by his wisdome; not chargeablie bought by him, but liberallie geuen by others by his meane, for the zeale & honor they bare to learning. And that which is worthy of memorie, all thies giuers were almost Northenmen: who being liberallie rewarded in the seruice of their Prince, bestowed it as liberallie for the good of their Contrie. Som men thought therefore, that _D. Medcalfe_ was parciall to Northrenmen, but sure I am of this, that North- renmen were parciall, in doing more good, and geuing more landes to y^e forderance of learning, than any other // The parci- contrie men, in those dayes, did: which deede // alitie of should haue bene, rather an example of goodnes, // Northren for other to folowe, than matter of malice, for any // men in to enuie, as some there were that did. Trewly, // _S. Iohnes_ _D. Medcalfe_ was parciall to none: but indifferent // College.

to all: a master for the whole, a father to euery one, in that Colledge. There was none so poore, if he had, either wil to goodnes, or wit to learning, that could lacke being there, or should depart from thence for any need. I am witnes my selfe, that mony many times was brought into yong mens studies by strangers whom they knew not. In which doing, this worthy _Nicolaus_ folowed the steppes of good olde _S. Nicolaus_, that learned Bishop. He was a Papist in deede, but would to G.o.d, amonges all vs Protestants I might once see but one, that would winne like praise, in doing like good, for the aduauncement of learning and vertue. And yet, though he were a Papist, if any yong man, geuen to new learning (as they termed it) went beyond his fellowes, in witte, labor, and towardnes, euen the same, neyther lacked, open praise to encorage him, nor priuate exhibition to mainteyne hym, as worthy Syr _I. Cheke_, if he were aliue would beare good witnes and so can many mo.

I my selfe one of the meanest of a great number, in that Colledge, because there appeared in me som small shew of towardnes and diligence, lacked not his fauor to forder me in learning.

And being a boy, new Bacheler of arte, I chanced amonges my companions to speake against the Pope: which matter was

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than in euery mans mouth, bycause _D. Haines_ and _D. Skippe_ were c.u.m from the Court, to debate the same matter, by preaching and disputation in the vniuersitie. This hapned the same tyme, when I stoode to be felow there: my taulke came to _D. Medcalfes_ eare: I was called before him and the Seniores: and after greuous rebuke, and some punishment, open warning was geuen to all the felowes, none to be so hardie to geue me his voice at that election. And yet for all those open threates, the good father himselfe priuilie procured, that I should euen than be chosen felow. But, the election being done, he made countinance of great discontentation thereat. This good mans goodnes, and fatherlie discretion, vsed towardes me that one day, shall neuer out of my remembrance all the dayes of my life. And for the same cause, haue I put it here, in this small record of learning. For next G.o.ds prouidence, surely that day, was by that good fathers meanes, _Dies natalis_, to me, for the whole foundation of the poore learning I haue, and of all the furderance, that hetherto else where I haue obteyned.

This his goodnes stood not still in one or two, but flowed aboundantlie ouer all that Colledge, and brake out also to norishe good wittes in euery part of that vniuersitie: whereby, at this departing thence, he left soch a companie of fellowes and scholers in _S. Iohnes_ Colledge, as can sca.r.s.e be found now in some whole vniuersitie: which, either for diuinitie, on the one side or other, or for Ciuill seruice to their Prince and contrie, haue bene, and are yet to this day, notable ornaments to this whole Realme: Yea _S. Iohnes_ did then so florish, as Trinitie college, that Princely house now, at the first erection, was but _Colonia deducta_ out of _S. Iohnes_, not onelie for their Master, fellowes, and scholers, but also, which is more, for their whole, both order of learning, and discipline of maners: & yet to this day, it neuer tooke Master but such as was bred vp before in _S. Iohnes_: doing the dewtie of a good _Colonia_ to her _Metropolis_, as the auncient Cities in Greice and some yet in Italie, at this day, are accustomed to do.

_S. Iohnes_ stoode in this state, vntill those heuie tymes, and that greuous change that chanced. An. 1553. whan mo perfite scholers were dispersed from thence in one moneth, than many Psal. 80. // yeares can reare vp againe. For, whan _Aper de Sylua_ had pa.s.sed the seas, and fastned his foote

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againe in England, not onely the two faire groues of learning in England were eyther cut vp, by the roote, or troden downe to the ground and wholie went to wracke, but the yong spring there, and euerie where else, was pitifullie nipt and ouertroden by very beastes, and also the fairest standers of all, were rooted vp, and cast into the fire, to the great weakning euen at this day of Christes Chirch in England, both for Religion and learning.

And what good could chance than to the vniuersities, whan som of the greatest, though not of the wisest nor best learned, nor best men neither of that side, did labor to perswade, that ignorance was better than knowledge, which they ment, not for the laitie onelie, but also for the greatest rable of their spiritu- altie, what other pretense openlie so euer they made: and therefore did som of them at Cambrige (whom I will not name openlie,) cause hedge priestes fette oute of the contrie, to be made fellowes in the vniuersitie: saying, in their talke priuilie, and declaring by their deedes openlie, that he was, felow good enough for their tyme, if he could were a gowne and a tipet c.u.mlie, and haue hys crowne shorne faire and roundlie, and could turne his Portesse and pie readilie: whiche I speake not to reproue any order either of apparell, or other dewtie, that may be well and indifferentlie vsed, but to note the miserie of that time, whan the benefites prouided for learning were so fowlie misused. And what was the frute of this seade?

Verely, iudgement in doctrine was wholy altered: order in discipline very sore changed: the loue of good learning, began sodenly to wax cold: the knowledge of the tonges (in spite of some that therein had florished) was manifestly contemned: and so, y^e way of right studie purposely peruerted: the choice of good authors of mallice confownded. Olde sophistrie (I say not well) not olde, but that new rotten sophistrie began to beard and sholder logicke in her owne tong: yea, I know, that heades were cast together, and counsell deuised, that _Duns_, with all the rable of barbarous questionistes, should haue dispossessed of their place and rowmes, _Aristotle, Plato, Tullie_, // _Aristoteles._ and _Demosthenes_, when good _M. Redman_, and // _Plato._ those two worthy starres of that vniuersitie, // _Cicero._ _M. Cheke_, and _M. Smith_, with their scholers, had // _Demost._ brought to florishe as notable in Cambrige, as

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