A History of China Part 27

p. 150: On the Ephtalites (or Hephtalites) see R. Ghirshman and Enoki.--The carpet ceremony has been studied by P. Boodberg, and in a comparative way by L. Olschki, _The Myth of Felt_, Berkeley 1949.

p. 151: For Yang Chien and his time see now A.F. Wright, "The Formation of Sui Ideology" in John K. Fairbank, _Chinese Thought and Inst.i.tutions_, Chicago 1957, pp. 71-104.

p. 153: The processes described here, have not yet been thoroughly a.n.a.lysed. A preliminary review of literature is given by H. Wiens, _China's March towards the Tropics_, Hamden 1954. I used Ch'en Yuan, w.a.n.g Yi-t'ung and my own research.

p. 154: It is interesting to compare such hunting parks with the "_paradeisos"_ (Paradise) of the Near East and with the "Garden of Eden".--Most of the data on gardens and manors have been brought together and studied by j.a.panese scholars, especially by Kat[=o]

s.h.i.+geru, some also by Ho Tz-ch'uan.--The disappearance of "village commons" in China should be compared with the same process in Europe; both processes, however, developed quite differently. The origin of manors and their importance for the social structure of the Far East (China as well as j.a.pan) is the subject of many studies in j.a.pan and in modern China. This problem is connected with the general problem of feudalism East and West. The manor (_chuang_: j.a.panese _sho_) in later periods has been studied by Y. Sudo. H. Maspero also devotes attention to this problem. Much more research remains to be done.

p. 158: This popular rebellion by Sun En has been studied by W.

Eichhorn.

p. 163: On foreign music in China see L.C. Goodrich and Ch'u T'ung-tsu, H.G. Farmer, S. Kis.h.i.+be and others.--Niida n.o.boru pointed out that musicians belonged to one of the lower social cla.s.ses, but had special privileges because of their close relations to the rulers.

p. 164: Meditative or _Ch'an_ (j.a.panese: _Zen_) Buddhism in this period has been studied by Hu s.h.i.+h, but further a.n.a.lysis is necessary.--The philosophical trends of this period have been a.n.a.lysed by E.

Balazs.--Mention should also be made of the aesthetic-philosophical conversation which was fas.h.i.+onable in the third century, but in other form still occurred in our period, the so-called "pure talk"

(_ch'ing-t'an_) (E. Balazs, H. Wilhelm and others).

_Chapter Eight_

p. 167: For genealogies and rules of giving names, I use my own research and the study by W. Bauer.

p. 168: For Emperor Wen Ti, I rely mainly upon A.F. Wright's above-mentioned article, but also upon O. Franke.

p. 169: The relevant texts concerning the T'u-chueh are available in French (E. Chavannes) and recently also in German translation (Liu Mau-tsai, _Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-T[vu]rken_, Wiesbaden 1958, 2 vol.).--The Tolos are called T'e-lo in Chinese sources; the T'u-yu-hun are called Aza in Central Asian sources (P.

Pelliot, A. Minorsky, F.W. Thomas, L. Hambis, _et al_.). The most important text concerning the T'u-yu-hun had been translated by Th. D.

Caroll, _Account of the T'u-yu-hun in the History of the Chin Dynasty_, Berkeley 1953.

p. 171: The transcription of names on this and on the other maps could not be adjusted to the transcription of the text for technical reasons.

p. 172: It is possible that I have underestimated the role of Li Yuan. I relied here mainly upon O. Franke and upon W. Bingham's _The Founding of the T'ang Dynasty_, Baltimore 1941.

p. 173: The best comprehensive study of T'ang economy in a Western language is still E. Balazs's work. I relied, however, strongly upon Wan Kuo-ting, Yang Chung-i, Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru, J. Gernet, T. Naba, Niida n.o.boru, Yos.h.i.+mi Matsumoto.

pp. 173-4: For the description of the administration I used my own studies and the work of R. des Rotours; for the military organization I used Kikuchi Hideo. A real study of Chinese army organization and strategy does not yet exist. The best detailed study, but for the Han period, is written by H. Maspero.

p. 174: For the first occurrence of the t.i.tle _tu-tu_ we used W.

Eichhorn; in the form _tutuq_ the t.i.tle occurs since 646 in Central Asia (J. Hamilton).

p. 177: The name T'u-fan seems to be a transcription of Tupot which, in turn, became our Tibet. (J. Hamilton).--The Uighurs are the Hui-ho or Hui-hu of Chinese sources.

p. 179: On relations with Central Asia and the West see Ho Chien-min and Hsiang Ta, whose cla.s.sical studies on Ch'ang-an city life have recently been strongly criticized by Chinese scholars.--Some authors (J.K.

Rideout) point to the growing influence of eunuchs in this period.--The sources paint the pictures of the Empress Wu in very dark colours. A more detailed study of this period seems to be necessary.

p. 180: The best study of "family privileges" (_yin_) in general is by E.A. Kracke, _Civil Service in Early Sung China_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s. 1953.

p. 180-1: The economic importance of organized Buddhism has been studied by many authors, especially J. Gernet, Yang Lien-sheng, Ch'uan Han-sheng, K. Tamai and R. Michihata.

p. 182: The best comprehensive study on T'ang prose in English is still E.D. Edwards, _Chinese Prose Literature of the T'ang Period_, London 1937-8, 2 vol. On Li T'ai-po and Po Chu-i we have well-written books by A. Waley, _The Poetry and Career of Li Po_, London 1951 and _The Life and Times of Po Chu-i_, London 1950.--On the "free poem" (_tz[)u]_), which technically is not a free poem, see A. Hoffmann and Hu s.h.i.+h. For the early Chinese theatre, the cla.s.sical study is still w.a.n.g Kuo-wei's a.n.a.lysis, but there is an almost unbelievable number of studies constantly written in China and j.a.pan, especially on the later theatre and drama.

p. 184: Conditions at the court of Hsuan Tsung and the life of Yang Kui-fei have been studied by Howard Levy and others, An Lu-shan's importance mainly by E.G. Pulleyblank, _The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan_, London 1955.

p. 187: The tax reform of Yang Yen has been studied by K. Hino; the most important figures in T'ang economic history are Liu Yen (studied by Chu Ch'ing-yuan) and Lu Chih (754-805; studied by E. Balazs and others).

pp. 187-8: The conditions at the time of this persecution are well described by E.O. Reischauer, _Ennin's Travels in T'ang China_, New York 1955, on the basis of his _Ennin's Diary. The Record of a Pilgrimage to China_, New York 1955. The persecution of Buddhism has been a.n.a.lysed in its economic character by Niida n.o.boru and other j.a.panese scholars.--Metal statues had to be delivered to the Salt and Iron Office in order to be converted into cash; iron statues were collected by local offices for the production of agricultural implements; figures in gold, silver or other rare materials were to be handed over to the Finance Office. Figures made of stone, clay or wood were not affected (Michihata).

p. 189: It seems important to note that popular movements are often not led by simple farmers of members of the lower cla.s.ses. There are other salt merchants and persons of similar status known as leaders.

p. 190: For the Sha-t'o, I am relying upon my own research. Tatars are the Ta-tan of the Chinese sources. The term is here used in a narrow sense.

_Chapter Nine_

p. 195: Many Chinese and j.a.panese authors have a new period begin with the early (Ch'ien Mu) or the late tenth century (T'ao Hsi-sheng, Li Chien-nung), while others prefer a cut already in the Middle of the T'ang Dynasty (Teng Ch'u-min, Naito Torajiro). For many Marxists, the period which we called "Modern Times" is at best a sub-period within a larger period which really started with what we called "Medieval China".

p. 196: For the change in the composition of the gentry, I am using my own research.--For clan rules, clan foundations, etc., I used D.C.

Twitchett, J. Fischer, Hu Hsien-chin, Ch'u T'ung-tsu, Niida n.o.boru and T. Makino. The best a.n.a.lysis of the clan rules is by w.a.n.g Hui-chen in D.S. Nivison, _Confucianism in Action_, Stanford 1959, p. 63-96.--I do not regard such marriage systems as "survivals" of ancient systems which have been studied by M. Granet and systematically a.n.a.lysed by C.

Levy-Strauss in his _Les structures elementaires de la parente_, Paris 1949, pp. 381-443. In some cases, the reasons for the establishment of such rules can still be recognized.--A detailed study of despotism in China still has to be written. K.A. Wittfogel's _Oriental Despotism_, New Haven 1957 does not go into the necessary detailed work.

p. 197: The problem of social mobility is now under study, after preliminary research by K.A. Wittfogel, E. Kracke, myself and others. E.

Kracke, Ho Ping-ti, R.M. Marsh and I are now working on this topic.--For the craftsmen and artisans, much material has recently been collected by Chinese scholars. I have used mainly Li Chien-nung and articles in _Li-s.h.i.+h yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3 and in _Mem. Inst. Orient. Cult_.

1956.--On the origin of guilds see Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru; a general study of guilds and their function has not yet been made (preliminary work by P.

Maybon, H.B. Morse, J. St. Burgess, K.A. Wittfogel and others).

Comparisons with Near-Eastern guilds on the one hand and with j.a.panese guilds on the other, are quite interesting but parallels should not be over-estimated. The _tong_ of U.S. Chinatowns (_tang_ in Mandarin) are late and organizations of businessmen only (S. Yokoyama and Laai Yi-faai). They are not the same as the _hui-kuan_.

p. 198: For the merchants I used Ch'u T'ung-tsu, Sung Hsi and Wada Kiyos.h.i.+.--For trade, I used extensively Ch'uan Han-sheng and J.

Kuwabara.--On labour legislation in early modern times I used Ko Ch'ang-chi and especially Li Chien-nung, also my own studies.--On strikes I used Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru and modern Chinese authors.--The problem of "vagrants" has been taken up by Li Chien-nung who always refers to the original sources and to modern Chinese research.--The growth of cities, perhaps the most striking event in this period, has been studied for the earlier part of our period by Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru. Li Chien-nung also deals extensively with investments in industry and agriculture. The problem as to whether China would have developed into an industrial society without outside stimulus is much discussed by Marxist authors in China.

p. 199: On money policy see Yang Lien-sheng, Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru and others.

p. 200: The history of one of the Southern Dynasties has been translated by Ed. H. Schafer, _The Empire of Min_, Tokyo 1954; Schafer's annotations provide much detail for the cultural and economic conditions of the coastal area.--For tea and its history, I use my own research; for tea trade a study by K. Kawakami and an article in the _Frontier Studies_, vol. 3, 1943.--Salt consumption according to H.T. Fei, _Earthbound China, 1945, p_. 163.

p. 201: For salt I used largely my own research. For porcelain production Li Chien-nung and other modern articles.--On paper, the cla.s.sical study is Th. F. Carter, _The Invention of Printing in China_, New York 1925 (a revised edition now published by L.C. Goodrich).

p. 202: For paper money in the early period, see Yang Lien-sheng, _Money and Credit in China_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1952. Although the origin of paper money seems to be well established, it is interesting to note that already in the third century A.D. money made of paper was produced and was burned during funeral ceremonies to serve as financial help for the dead. This money was, however, in the form of coins.--On iron money see Yang Lien-sheng; I also used an article in _Tung-fang tsa-chih_, vol.

35, No. 10.

p. 203: For the Kitan (Chines: Ch'i-tan) and their history see K.A.

Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, _History of Chinese Society. Liao_, Philadelphia 1949.

p. 204: For these dynasties, I rely upon my own research.--Niida n.o.boru and Kat[=o] s.h.i.+geru have studied adoption laws; our specific case has in addition been studied by M. Kurihara. This system of adoptions is non-Chinese and has its parallels among Turkish tribes (A. Kollantz, Abdulkadir Inan, Osman Turan).

p. 207: For the persecution I used K. Tamai and my own research.

p. 211: This is based mainly upon my own research.--The remark on tax income is from Ch'uan Han-sheng.

p. 212: Fan Chung-yen has been studied recently by J. Fischer and D.

Twitchett, but these notes on price policies are based upon my own work.--I regard the statement, that it was the gentry which prevented the growth of an industrial society--a statement which has often been made before--as preliminary, and believe that further research, especially in the growth of cities and urban inst.i.tutions may lead to quite different explanations.--On estate management I relied on Y.

Sudo's work.

p. 213: Research on place names such as mentioned here, has not yet been systematically done.--On _i-chuang_ I relied upon the work by T. Makino and D. Twitchett.--This process of tax-evasion has been used by K.A.