The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution Volume XI Part 32

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Office of Foreign Affairs, February 21st, 1782.

Sir,

I do myself the honor to lay before Congress the enclosed note from the Minister of France, a letter from the Marquis de Bouille with translations of both, and the proceedings of the Council of a.s.sembly of Dominique; all of which relate to the case of the s.h.i.+p Resolution's cargo, part of which was adjudged lawful prize by the sentence of the Court of Appeals; and the case of the brigantine Eeirsten and her cargo, which was also adjudged lawful prize by the said Court.[21]

The case of the s.h.i.+p Resolution, as far as I have been able to learn, was simply this, she was a Dutch vessel, freighted on account of capitulants at Dominique, and bound for Holland, agreeably to the seventh Article of the capitulation. She was taken by a British s.h.i.+p, retaken by one of our privateers, and condemned by the Court of Admiralty of this State, whose decree was reversed and the s.h.i.+p and cargo acquitted, except a small part of the latter, on the principle of its not being the property of capitulants, and because, as was alleged, it was not protected by the ordinances of Congress, approving the principles of the armed neutrality, Great Britain and Holland being at open war; from whence it was inferred by the Court, that the Dutch vessel could not be considered as sufficiently neutral to protect the property of an enemy. The papers referred to in the memorial of the Minister of France serve to show, that the whole cargo belonged to capitulants.

The other vessel, the Eeirsten, was purchased in London by a company of Imperial subjects residing at Ostend, freighted in England with British property for the use of the capitulants at Dominique. The vessel sailed from London, and on her way to Dominique touched at the port of Ostend, for the purpose of converting her English papers into German. In the pa.s.sage from Ostend to Dominique, this brigantine was taken by an American privateer, carried into Boston and acquitted, with her cargo; but the Judges of Appeals have condemned as lawful prize, both vessel and cargo. They consider the cargo as unprotected by the capitulation of Dominique. They consider the vessel as carrying on a trade advantageous to the enemy, in contravention to the seventeenth Article of the capitulation; that she forfeited the right of neutrality by not showing an exact _impartiality_ to the belligerent powers; and because she had false and colorable papers on board, with a view to give the cargo the appearance of neutral property. They allow, that a vessel under their circ.u.mstances is to be considered as an enemy's, and that by the law of nations, they should be subject to seizure and confiscation. They consider the cargo as unprotected by the laws of Congress, because (as they affirm) this vessel cannot be thought to be strictly _neutral_, that Congress meant to pay a regard to _right_ of neutrality, that the _right of neutrality_ only extends _protection_ to the effects and goods of an enemy in neutral bottoms, not engaged in the violation of this right.

I have sent the seventh and seventeenth Articles of the capitulation for the information of Congress.

From this statement Congress will judge of the expediency of directing a rehearing in both cases. In the first, it seems to be dictated by a regard for justice upon the new proofs. And in the second, the reasoning, which determined the Court, does not appear to be so conclusive as to render it improper in so intricate a case, more particularly as our situation with respect to the Emperor is peculiarly delicate; from which consideration, as well as from the respect which is due to the representation of the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty, I am humbly of opinion that a rehearing ought to be granted, and that in the meanwhile the officers of the Court should be directed to retain in their hands the proceeds of the vessel and cargo.

I have the honor to be, &c.

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

FOOTNOTES:

[21] See an account of these s.h.i.+ps in _M. de la Luzerne's Correspondence_, above, pp. 66-72.

REGULATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

In Congress, February 22d, 1782.

On the report of a committee, consisting of Mr Ellery, Mr Randolph, and Mr Eveleigh, to whom was referred a letter of the 25th of January, from the Secretary of Foreign Affairs respecting his department,

Resolved, that the Department of Foreign Affairs be under the direction of such officer as the United States, in Congress a.s.sembled, have already for that purpose appointed, or shall hereafter appoint, who shall be styled, "Secretary to the United States of America for the Department of Foreign Affairs," shall reside where Congress, or the Committee of the States, shall sit, and hold his office during the pleasure of Congress.

That the books, records, and other papers of the United States that relate to this department, be committed to his custody, to which, and all other papers of his office, any member of Congress shall have access; provided that no copy shall be taken of matters of a secret nature without the special leave of Congress.

That the correspondence and communications with the Ministers, Consuls, and Agents of the United States in foreign countries, and with the Ministers and other officers of foreign powers with Congress, be carried on through the office of foreign affairs by the said Secretary, who is also empowered to correspond with all other persons from whom he may expect to receive useful information relative to his department; provided always, that letters to Ministers of the United States, or Ministers of foreign powers, which have a direct reference to treaties or conventions proposed to be entered into, or instructions relative thereto, or other great national subjects, shall be submitted to the inspection, and receive the approbation of Congress before they shall be transmitted.

That the Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs correspond with the Governors or Presidents of all, or any of the United States, affording them such information from his department as may be useful to their States or to the United States, stating complaints that may have been urged against the government of any of the said States, or the subjects thereof, by the subjects of foreign powers, so that justice may be done agreeably to the laws of such state, or the charge proved to be groundless, and the honor of the government vindicated.

He shall receive the applications of all foreigners relative to his department, which are designed to be submitted to Congress, and advise the mode in which the memorials and evidence shall be stated, in order to afford Congress the most comprehensive view of the subject; and if he conceives it necessary, accompany such Memorial with his report thereon.

He may concert measures with the Ministers or officers of foreign powers, amicably to procure the redress of private injuries, which any citizen of the United States may have received from a foreign power, or the subjects thereof, making minutes of all his transactions relative thereto, which have pa.s.sed on such occasions.

He shall report on all cases expressly referred to him for that purpose by Congress, and on all others touching his department, in which he may conceive it necessary. And that he may acquire that intimate knowledge of the sentiments of Congress, which is necessary for his direction, he may at all times attend upon Congress; and shall particularly attend when summoned or ordered by the President.

He may give information to Congress respecting his department, explain and answer objections to his reports when under consideration, if required by a member, and no objection be made by Congress.

He shall answer to such inquiries respecting his department as may be put from the chair by order of Congress, and to questions stated in writing about matters of fact, which lie within his knowledge, when put by the President at the request of a member, and not disapproved of by Congress. The answers to such questions may, at the option of the Secretary, be delivered by him in writing.

He shall have free access to the papers and records of the United States in the custody of their Secretary, or in the offices of finance and war and elsewhere. He may be furnished with copies, or take extracts therefrom, when he shall find it necessary.

He shall use means to obtain from the Ministers and agents of the United States in foreign countries, an abstract of their present state, their commerce, finances, naval and military strength, and the characters of Sovereigns and Ministers, and every other political information, which may be useful to the United States. All letters to sovereign powers, letters of credence, plans of treaties, conventions, manifestoes, instructions, pa.s.sports, safe conducts, and other acts of Congress relative to the Department of Foreign Affairs, when the substance thereof shall have been previously agreed to in Congress, shall be reduced to form in the office of Foreign Affairs, and submitted to the opinion of Congress; and when pa.s.sed, signed, and attested, sent to the office of Foreign Affairs, to be countersigned and forwarded. If an original paper is of such a nature as cannot be safely transmitted without cyphers, a copy in cyphers, signed by the Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs, shall be considered as authentic, and the Ministers of the United States at foreign Courts may govern themselves thereby in the like manner as if the originals had been transmitted. And for the better execution of the duties hereby a.s.signed him, he is authorised to appoint a Secretary, and one, or if necessary more clerks, to a.s.sist him in the business of his office.

Resolved, That the salaries annexed to this department shall be as follows;

To the Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign Affairs, the sum of four thousand dollars per annum, exclusive of office expenses, to commence from the first day of October last.

To the Secretary, one thousand dollars per annum.

To the clerks, each five hundred dollars per annum.

Resolved, That the Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs, and each of the persons employed under him, shall take an oath before a Judge of the State where Congress shall sit, for the faithful discharge of their respective trusts, and an oath of fidelity to the United States, before they enter upon office.

Resolved, That the act of the 10th of January, 1781, respecting the Department of Foreign Affairs, be and hereby is repealed.

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Office of Foreign Affairs, February 23d, 1782.

Sir,

The resolution pa.s.sed by Congress on the 22d of February, for the more perfect organization of the Department of Foreign Affairs, having no reference to the time past in fixing the salaries of the secretaries or clerks, I am left without a rule for that purpose, but presume as I have had two gentlemen employed for some time, without any distinction of rank, that no objection will lie to my giving them orders for the time that they have served at the rate of seven hundred and fifty dollars a year each.

I am sorry to be the means of taking up a moment of the time of Congress, but find myself embarra.s.sed by their present arrangement, which fixes one secretary, and reduces the other gentleman in the office to the rank of a common clerk. If no material objection should lie against the measure, I would propose, as the business of the office naturally divides itself into two branches, foreign and domestic, that instead of a secretary there should be two under secretaries, whose rank and pay shall be settled according to their merit and abilities by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, provided that the pay of both taken together shall not exceed the sum of fifteen hundred dollars; this will not only be an incitement to diligence and attention, but possibly enable me to procure two persons, in whose integrity and abilities I can confide, instead of a common clerk, without increasing the expense of the department.

I have the honor to be, &c.

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Office of Foreign Affairs, February 26th, 1782.

Sir,

I am somewhat at a loss to determine upon what principle the pet.i.tion of John Jordan and others, was referred to me, but presume, that it was with a view to obtain from me such information relative to the distribution of the prize money arising from the prizes taken by the Bon Homme Richard, as the papers in this office can afford.

There were no papers relative to this transaction in this office; but among those of the Board of Admiralty, I find a letter from Dr Franklin to Francis Lewis, dated the 17th of March last, covering some inquiries on this subject, and a copy of a _Concordat_ entered into by John Paul Jones, commanding the Bon Homme Richard; Pierre Landais, captain of the Alliance; Dennis Nicolas Cottineau, captain of the Pallas; Joseph Varage, captain of the Cerf; and Philip Nicolas Ricot, captain of the Vengeance; by which, among other things, they agree to divide their prizes, agreeably to the American regulations, as they sailed under American colors and commissions; and const.i.tuted M.

Chaumont their agent to receive and distribute the prize money in behalf of the crew of each s.h.i.+p, and to be answerable for it in his own private name.