The Development Of The Feeling For Nature In The Middle Ages And Modern Times Part 48
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And the sunlight clasps the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the sea.
and:
I love all thou lovest, Spirit of Delight; The fresh earth in new leaves dressed, And the starry night, Autumn evening and the morn When the golden mists are born.
I love snow and all the forms Of the radiant frost; I love waves and winds and storms-- Everything almost Which is Nature's, and may be Untainted by man's misery.
To Goethe, Byron, and Sh.e.l.ley, this pantheism, universal love, sympathy with Nature in all her forms, was the base of feeling; but both of England's greatest lyrists, dying young, failed to attain perfect harmony of thought and feeling. There always remained a bitter ingredient in their poetry.
Let us now turn to France.
LAMARTINE AND VICTOR HUGO
Rousseau discovered the beauty of scenery for France; St Pierre portrayed it poetically, not only in _Paul and Virginia_, but in _Chaumiere Indienne_ and _Etudes de la Nature_. The science which these two writers lacked, Buffon possessed in a high degree; but he had not the power to delineate Nature and feeling in combination: he lacked insight into the hidden a.n.a.logies between the movements of the mind and the phenomena of the outer world. Chateaubriand, on the contrary, had this faculty to its full modern extent. It is true that his ego was constantly to the fore, even in dealing with Nature, but his landscapes were full of sympathetic feeling. He had Rousseau's melancholy and unrest, and cared nothing for those 'oppressive ma.s.ses,' mountains, except as backgrounds; but he was enthusiastic about the scenery which he saw in America, the virgin forests, and the Mississippi--above all, about the sea. His Rene, that life-like figure, half-pa.s.sionate, half-_blase_, measuring everything by himself, and flung hither and thither by the waves of pa.s.sion, shewed a lover's devotion to the sea and to Nature generally.[15] 'It was not G.o.d whom I contemplated on the waves in the magnificence of His works: I saw an unknown woman, and the miracle of his smile, the beauties of the sky, seemed to me disclosed by her breath. I would have bartered eternity for one of her caresses. I pictured her to myself as throbbing behind this veil of the universe which hid her from my eyes. Oh! why was it not in my power to rend the veil and press the idealized woman to my heart, to spend myself on her bosom with the love which is the source of my inspiration, my despair, and my life?'
In subjectivity and dreaminess both Chateaubriand and Lamartine were like the German romanticists, but their fundamental note was theism, not pantheism. The storm of the French Revolution, which made radical changes in religion, as in all other things, was followed by a reaction. Christianity acquired new power and inwardness, and Nature was unceasingly praised as the mirror of the divine idea of creation.
In his _Genie du Christianisme_, Chateaubriand said:
The true G.o.d, in entering into His Works, has given his immensity to Nature... there is an instinct in man, which puts him in communication with the scenes of Nature.
Lamartine was a sentimental dreamer of dreams, a thinker of lofty thoughts which lost themselves in the inexpressible. His _Meditations_ shew his ardent though sad wors.h.i.+p of Nature; his love of evening, moonlight, and starlight. For instance, _L'Isolement_:
Ici gronde le fleuve aux vagues ec.u.mantes, Il serpente et s'enfonce en un lointain obscur: La le lac immobile etend ses eaux dormantes O l'etoile du soir se leve dans l'azur.
An sommet de ces monts couronnes de bois sombres, Le crepuscule encore jette un dernier rayon; Et le char vaporeux de la reine des...o...b..es Monte et blanchit deja les bords de l'horizon.
_Le Soir_:
Le soir ramene le silence....
Venus se leve a l'horizon; A mes pieds l'etoile amoureuse De sa lueur mysterieuse Blanchit les tapis de gazon.
De ce hetre au feuillage sombre J'entends frissonner les rameaux; On dirait autour des tombeaux Qu'on entend voltiger une ombre, Tout-a-coup, detache des cieux, Un rayon de l'astre nocturne, Glissant sur mon front taciturne, Vient mollement toucher mes yeux.
Doux reflet d'un globe de flamme Charmant rayon, que me veux-tu?
Viens-tu dans mon sein abattu Porter la lumiere a mon ame?
Descends-tu pour me reveler Des mondes le divin mystere, Ces secrets caches dans la sphere Ou le jour va te rappeler?
In the thought of happy past hours, he questions the lake:
Un soir, t'en souvient-il, nous voguions en silence; On n'entendait au loin, sur l'onde et sous les cieux, Que le bruit des rameurs qui frappaient en cadence Tes flots harmonieux.
O lac! rochers muets! grottes! foret obscure!
Vous que le temps epargne ou qu'il peut rajeunir Gardez de cette nuit, gardez, belle nature, Au moins le souvenir!...
Que le vent qui gemit, le roseau qui soupire Que les parfums legers de ton air embaume, Que tout ce qu'on entend, l'on voit, ou l'on respire, Tout dise: 'ils out aimes!
_La Priere_ has:
Le roi brillant du jour, se couchant dans sa gloire, Descend avec lenteur de son char de victoire; Le nuage eclatant qui le cache a nos yeux Conserve en sillons d'or sa trace dans les cieux, Et d'un reflet de pourpre inonde l'etendue.
Comme une lampe d'or dans l'azur suspendue, La lune se balance aux bords de l'horizon; Ses rayons affaiblis dorment sur le gazon, Et le voile des nuits sur les monts se deplie.
C'est l'heure, ou la nature, un moment recueillie, Entre la nuit qui touche et le jour qui s'enfuit S'eleve au createur du jour et de la nuit, Et semble offrir a Dieu dans son brillant langage, De la creation le magnifique hommage.
Voila le sacrifice immense, universelle!
L'univers est le temple, et la terre est l'autel; Les cieux en sont le dome et ses astres sans nombre, Ces feux demi-voiles, pale ornement de l'ombre, Dans la voute d'azur avec ordre semes, Sont les sacres flambeaux pour ce temple allumes...
Mais ce temple est sans voix...
...Mon coeur seul parle dans ce silence-- La voix de l'univers c'est mon intelligence.
Sur les rayons du soir, sur les ailes du vent, Elle s'eleve a Dieu...
_Le Golfe de Baia_:
Vois-tu comme le flot paisible Sur le rivage vient mourir?
Mais deja l'ombre plus epaisse Tombe et brunit les vastes mers; Le bord s'efface, le bruit cesse, Le silence occupe les airs.
C'est l'heure ou la Melancholie S'a.s.sied pensive et recueillie Aux bords silencieux des mers.
The decay of autumn corresponds to his own dolorous feelings:
Oui, dans ces jours d'automne ou la nature expire, A ses regards voiles je trouve plus d'attraits; C'est l'adieu d'un ami, c'est le dernier sourire Des levres que la mort va fermer pour jamais.
This is from _Ischia_:
Le Soleil va porter le jour a d'autres mondes; Dans l'horizon desert Phebe monte sans bruit, Et jette, en penetrant les tenebres profondes, Un voile transparent sur le front de la nuit.
Voyez du haut des monts ses clartes ondoyantes Comme un fleuve de flamme inonder les coteaux, Dormir dans les vallons on glisser sur les pentes, Ou rejaillir au loin du sein brillant des eaux....
Doux comme le soupir d'un enfant qui sommeille, Un son vague et plaintif se repand dans les airs....
Mortel! ouvre ton ame a ces torrents de vie, Recois par tous les sens les charmes de la nuit....
He sees the transitoriness of all earthly things reflected in Nature:
L'onde qui baise ce rivage, De quoi se plaint-elle a ses bords?
Pourquoi le roseau sur la plage, pourquoi le ruisseau sous l'ombrage, Rendent-ils de tristes accords?
De quoi gemit la tourterelle? Tout naist, tout paise.
Such a depth of sympathy and dreamy dolorous reverie was new to France, but Rousseau had broken the ice, and henceforward feeling flowed freely. To Lamartine the theist, as to the pantheists Goethe, Sh.e.l.ley, and Byron, Nature was a friend and lover.
Victor Hugo was of the same mind, but his poetry is clearer and more plastic than Lamartine's. We quote from his finest poems, the _Feuilles d'Automne_. He was a true lyrist, familiar both with the external life of Nature and the inner life of man. His beautiful 'Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne' has the spirit of _Faust_. He imagines himself upon a mountain top, with earth on one side, the sea on the other; and there he hears two voices unlike any ever heard before:
L'une venait des mers, chant de gloire! hymne heureux!
C'etait la voix des flots qui se parlaient entre eux....
Or, comme je l'ai dit, l'Ocean magnifique Epandait une voix joyeuse et pacifique Chantant comme la harpe aux temples de Sion, Et louait la beaute de la creation.
while from the other voice:
Pleurs et cris! L'injure, l'anatheme....
C'etait la terre et l'homme qui pleuraient!...
L'une disait, Nature! et l'autre, Humanite!
The personifications in this poem are beautiful. He, too, like Lamartine, loves sea and stars most of all. These verses from _Les Orientales_ remind one of St Augustine:
J'etais seul pres des flots par une nuit d'etoiles, Pas un nuage aux cieux; sur les mers pas de voiles, Et les bois et les monts et toute la nature Semblaient interroger dans confus murmure Les flots des mers, les feux du ciel.
Et les etoiles d'or, legions infinies, A voix haute, a voix ba.s.se, avec mille harmonies Disaient en inclinant leurs couronnes de feu, Et les flots bleus, que rien gouverne et n'arrete, Disaient en recourbant l'ec.u.me de leur crete: C'est le Seigneur Dieu, le Seigneur Dieu!
Parfois lorsque tout dort, je m'a.s.sieds plein de joie Sous le dome etoile qui sur nos fronts flamboie; J'ecoute si d'en haut il tombe quelque bruit; Et l'heure vainement me frappe de son aile Quand je contemple emu cette fete eternelle Que le ciel rayonnant donne au monde la nuit!
Souvent alors j'ai cru que ces soleils de flamme Dans ce monde endormi n'echauffaient que mon ame; Qu'a les comprendre seul j'etais predestine; Que j'etais, moi, vaine ombre obscure et taciturne, Le roi mysterieuse de la pompe nocturne; Que le ciel pour moi seul s'etait illumine!
The Development Of The Feeling For Nature In The Middle Ages And Modern Times Part 48
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