Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 254

2. (D'Arcet's.) Bis.m.u.th, 8 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. Melts below 212 Fahr.

3. (Walker.) Bis.m.u.th 8, tin 4, lead 5 parts; antimony, 1 part. The metals should be repeatedly melted and poured into drops, until they are well mixed.

4. (Onion's.) Lead, 3 parts; tin, 2 parts; bis.m.u.th, 5 parts. Melts at 197 Fahr.

5. To the last, after removing it from the fire, add of quicksilver (warm), 1 part. Liquid at 172, solid at 140 Fahr.

_Obs._ The first four of the above are used to make TOY-SPOONS, to surprise children by their melting in hot liquors. A little mercury may be added to lower their melting points. Nos. 2 and 3 are specially adapted for making ELECTROTYPE MOULDS. The beautiful casts of the French medals known to all electrotypers as Clichee moulds are in the alloy No. 3. The above alloys are also used to form PENCILS for writing on a.s.ses' skin, or paper prepared by rubbing burnt hartshorn into it, &c.; also as a METAL BATH in the laboratory. The last is used for ANATOMICAL INJECTIONS.

=FU'SION.= _Syn._ FUSIO, L. The liquefaction of solid bodies by the action of heat. The term AQUEOUS FUSION has been applied to the melting of salts in their combined water when heated; and the term IGNEOUS FUSION, to the liquefaction of bodies by heat alone.

The vessels in which substances are fused are formed of various materials and shapes, according to the properties of the solid operated on, and princ.i.p.ally with reference to the degree of heat required for its fusion.

In every case the containing vessel should be capable of sustaining the proper degree of heat, without either melting or cracking, and should also be unacted on by the substances melted in them. See CRUCIBLE, FURNACE, &c.

=FuRSTENBALSAM, Bamberger fur Frauen=--BAMBERG PRINCE'S BALSAM FOR WOMEN.

An embrocation for strengthening women after confinement. A hexagonal eau de Cologne bottle containing about 100 grammes of a clear reddish-brown fluid, which is a filtered mixture of equal parts of spirit of lavender (Sp. Lavand. Co.) and spirit of soap, mixed with a little camphor and ammonia. (Hager.)

=FUS'TIC.= _Syn._ FUSTIC WOOD. Two distinct dye-stuffs are known by this name, but are distinguished by the adjectives 'old' and 'young.'

=Fustic, Old.= _Syn._ BOIS JAUNE, Fr. The wood of the _Maclura tinctoria_.

Its decoction dyes woollens yellow of different shades, according to the 'mordant.' Alum, tartar, and spirits of tin brighten the tint; acetate and sulphate of iron and common salt darken it; with sulphate of iron it gives olives and browns; with the indigo vat and sulphate of indigo green. These colours are very permanent. Its yellow turns on the lemon when pale, and on the orange when darker. 1 lb. of old fustic will dye 3 to 5 lbs. of wool.

=Fustic, Young.= _Syn._ YELLOW FUSTIC; FUSTET, Fr. The wood of the _Rhus Cotinus_ or Venice sumach. It gives a yellow turning on the green, but its colours are not very permanent. It is chiefly used in combination with other dye-stuffs.

=GAL'BANUM.= _Syn._ GUM GALBANUM; GALBANUM (B. P.), L. "A gum-resin derived from an unascertained umbelliferous plant. In irregular tears about the size of a pea, usually agglutinated into ma.s.ses; of a greenish-yellow colour, translucent, having a strong disagreeable odour, and an acrid bitter taste." (B. P.) Its properties are similar to the other fetid antispasmodic gum-resins. It ranks between a.s.sAFTIDA and AMMONIAc.u.m.

=Galbanum, Strained.= _Syn._ PREPARED GALBANUM; GALBANUM COLATUM, G.

PRaePARATUM (Ph. L.), L. From crude galbanum, as prepared ammoniac.u.m.

Formerly the common practice was to melt it in the dry state, by heat cautiously and quickly applied, and to strain it through a piece of coa.r.s.e canvas stretched across a wooden frame or 'horse.' The 'strained galbanum'

of the shops is seldom pure. The following forms are current in the trade for its 'reduction,' as this species of adulteration is technically termed:--

1. Galbanum (true), 9 lbs.; strain as above, then add, towards the end black resin (clean), 3 lbs.; and when the whole is melted, further add of Venice turpentine, 2 lbs.--_Product._ 12 lbs.

2. Strained galbanum and black resin, of each 6 lbs.; melt, and add, of strained a.s.saftida, 2 oz.; Venice turpentine, 3 lbs.--_Prod._ 14-1/2 lbs.

=Galbanum, Facti"tious Strained.= _Syn._ GALBANUM COLATUM FACt.i.tIUM, L.

_Prep._ 1. From black resin, 4 lbs.; melt, and add of Venice turpentine, 2 lbs.; a.s.saftida, 2-1/2 oz.; oils of juniper and fennel, of each 1-1/2 dr.; water, 1/2 pint.

2. As the last, adding soft soap, 5 oz. Sometimes the small and 'waste' of the chests are added to the above to improve them.

=GALeNE-EINSPRITZUNG--Galen's Injection= (J. F. Schwarzlose Sohne, Berlin). According to Hager:--Gum Arabic, 25 grammes; water, 655 grammes; sugar of lead, 45 grammes; tinct. opii with saffron, 5 grammes. According to Schadler:--Sulphocarbolate of zinc, 3 grammes; gum Arabic, 20 grammes; tinct. opii, 2 grammes; water, 100 grammes.

=GALL.= _Syn._ BILE; BILIS, CHOLE, FEL, L. A bitter fluid secreted by the liver; in part flowing into the intestines, and in part regurgitating into the gall-bladder. Its uses in the animal economy appears to be--to separate the chyle from the chyme, to promote digestion of oleaginous substances, and to a.s.sist in exciting the peristaltic action of the intestines. The faeces appear to owe their colour chiefly to the presence of bile, since, without, they appear of a dirty pipe-clay colour.

The gall of various animals was formerly used in medicine. From whatever source it was obtained, it was believed to be calefacient, desiccant, detergent, discutient, and parturifacient; but besides these properties, each variety was conceived to possess virtues peculiarly its own. Thus, bear-gall (fel ursi) was reputed anti-epileptic; eel-gall (fel anguillarum), parturifacient; hare-gall (fel leporis), "good in cataract;"

and ox-gall (fel bovis), "sovereign against stiff joints, rheumatics, angry ulcers, and stomach colics." The gall of the bat, goat, hen, hog, partridge, silurus, &c., were also employed as remedies. At the present time ox-gall is the only one used in medicine and the arts.

Ox-gall has been recently reintroduced into medicine by Dr Allnatt and others, and in certain cases of dyspepsia and biliary derangement appears to be a valuable remedy.

Crude ox-gall is extensively employed by the scourers of woollen cloth, clothes renovators, &c. It rapidly extracts grease and oil from textile fabrics without injuring the colour. See CONSTIPATION, DYSPEPSIA, OX-GALL, &c.

=Gall, Gla.s.s.= See SANIVER.

=GAL'LATE.= _Syn._ GALLAS. L. A salt of gallic acid. The alkaline gallates are soluble. They rapidly suffer decomposition in the presence of excess of the base, and the liquor gradually acquires a blackish colour. The gallates of most of the other metallic oxides are insoluble.

=GALLEN-MIXTUR FuR PFERDE=--GALL MIXTURE FOR HORSES (F. Barth, veterinary surgeon, Freibach-by-Altenhofen, Carinthia). A clear decanted solution of 8 parts wood tar in 92 parts common kienol (ol. pini). (Hager.)

=Gallen-Mixtur=--GALL MIXTURE (Ph. Barth, Marburg in Steiermark). The same preparation as the above, coloured with 3/4 per cent. of dragon's blood.

(Wittstein.)

=Gallen-Tinctur=--GALL TINCTURE (Dr G. Krieger, Garz). 5 parts wood tar, 10 parts water, 30 parts spirit, 1 part corrosive sublimate, and 1/20 part rosanilin, mixed with a gentle heat, allowed to deposit, and filtered.

(Hager.)

=GAL'LIC ACID.= H_{3}C_{7}H_{3}O_{5}.Aq. _Syn._ ACIDUM GALLIc.u.m (B. P.), L. "A crystalline acid prepared from galls." (B. P. L.) It may be also obtained from other vegetable substances. It appears to be a product of the oxidation of tannic acid, and probably does not exist ready formed in recent vegetables.

_Prep._ 1. (Dumas.) Nut-galls, reduced to powder, are moistened with water, and exposed to the action of the air, in a warm situation (say 70 to 80 Fahr.), for two or three months, adding more water, from time to time, to make up for that lost by evaporation. At the end of the above period the mouldy, dark-coloured ma.s.s is strongly pressed in a cloth, and the solid portion boiled in a considerable quant.i.ty of water. The solution (filtered whilst hot) deposits, on cooling, crystals of gallic acid, which, after being thoroughly drained and pressed dry between bibulous paper, are purified by boiling them along with about 1/6th of their weight of prepared animal charcoal in 8 parts of water, and filtering, &c., as before.

2. (Graham.) A strong infusion or decoction of galls is precipitated with sulphuric acid in the cold; the resulting thick ma.s.s is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid (cold), and the liquid expressed; the 'marc' is next treated with sulphuric acid diluted with twice its weight of water, and after boiling the mixture for some minutes the whole is allowed to cool; the resulting crystals are purified as before.

3. (Liebig.) A strong aqueous solution of tannic acid (tannin) is added to sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls; the powder is collected, washed, and dissolved by the aid of heat in dilute sulphuric acid; the solution, after being boiled for a few minutes, deposits, on cooling, crystals of gallic acid in considerable quant.i.ty.

4. (Scheele.) A filtered decoction of galls is exposed for some months in an open vessel; after a time it grows mouldy, and becomes covered with a thick, glutinous pellicle; in two or three months the sides of the vessel and the under portion of the pellicle are found to be covered with small yellow crystals of gallic acid, which are purified as directed above. (See No. 1.)

5. (Ph. D., B. P.) The Dublin contains two formulae for gallic acid, the one being based on that of Dumas or Scheele, the other on that of Graham or Liebig.--_a._ From galls (in coa.r.s.e powder), 1 lb.; water, q. s. to make a stiff paste; a porcelain dish is ordered, and the exposure in the moistened condition is to be continued for 6 weeks; the solution of the first crop of crystals is to be made in 10 fl. oz. of boiling water, and when the filtrate has cooled to 80 Fahr., it is to be poured off from the crystals which have formed, which are then to be washed with ice-cold water, 3 fl. oz., and dried--first in blotting paper, and finally by a steam or water heat. By boiling the undissolved portion of the galls with 45 fl. oz. of fresh water, more crystals may be obtained.

_b._ Powdered gall-nuts, 1 lb., are steeped for 24 hours in water, 1 pint, and after being placed in a porcelain displacement apparatus, are treated with water, 1-1/2 pint, added in successive portions; oil of vitriol, 5 fl. oz., diluted with an equal volume of water, and allowed to cool, is now added to the percolated infusion, and after thorough admixture the liquid is filtered from the viscid precipitate which forms; oil of vitriol, 5 fl. oz. (diluted as before), is then added to the filtrate, the precipitates, enveloped in calico, are submitted to powerful pressure, and subsequently dissolved in oil of vitriol, 16 fl. oz., previously diluted with water, 56 fl. oz.; the solution is boiled for 20 minutes, and set aside for a week; at the end of this time the deposit which forms is dissolved in three times its weight of boiling water, and the solution treated as before.

_Prop._ Gallic acid forms small, feathery, and nearly colourless crystals, which have a beautiful silky l.u.s.tre; that of commerce is usually of a pale-yellow colour; it is soluble in 100 parts of cold water, and in 3 parts of boiling water; it is also soluble in alcohol, and slightly so in ether; the aqueous solution is decomposed by exposure to the air; dissolved in hot oil of vitriol, it forms a deep, rich, red solution, which, when thrown into water, drops the gallic acid, deprived of some of its water. This substance is soluble in the alkalies, and dyes cloth like madder. When strongly heated, gallic acid is converted into metagallic acid, or into pyrogallic acid, according to the manner in which the heat is applied.

_Tests._ Gallic acid is distinguished from tannic acid by not affecting solutions of gelatin, the protosalts of iron, or the salts of the alkaloids, and by giving a deep bluish-black precipitate with the sesquisalts of iron, which disappears when the liquid is heated. It is distinguished from pyrogallic acid by its inferior insolubility in water, and by its not affecting the solutions of the protosalts of iron. To detect gallic acid mixed with tannic acid, the latter should be removed, either by digesting the substance in ether, or by immersing for some time in its solution a piece of skin depilated by lime, previously to applying the tests.

_Pur._ Free from colour; decomposed by heat; soluble in water and in rectified spirit. It turns preparations of the sesquioxide of iron, dissolved in water, of a bluish black colour, but throws down nothing from a solution of isingla.s.s.

_Uses, &c._ The princ.i.p.al use of pure gallic acid is in the art of _photography_. It has recently been employed in _medicine_, as an internal astringent, in doses of 3 to 10 gr., thrice a day, or oftener; in haemorrhage and fluxes, as well as for checking the night sweats in phthisis. Dr Todd says, that in all cases of internal haemorrhage, or haemorrhagic tendency, it is the best astringent or styptic we possess. As an external astringent, it is greatly inferior to tannic acid. It has been given in doses of 15 to 30 gr. in tape-worm, "but without any benefit."

(Pereira.)

_Purification._ Gallic acid, as obtained by either of the above forms, is never quite pure; but it may be rendered absolutely pure by combining it with oxide of lead, and decomposing the compound (gallate of lead) by sulphuretted hydrogen. The sulphuret of lead acts like animal charcoal in removing the colour. (Liebig.) Commercial gallic acid "may be rendered nearly white by dissolving it in 20 times its weight of boiling distilled water, and causing the solution to traverse a stratum of prepared animal charcoal, spread upon a calico filter. When the liquid pa.s.ses through colourless, it should be evaporated to 1-6th its volume, and then suffered to cool, in order to the separation of the crystallised acid." (Ph. D.)

=GALLIC FERMENTATION.= This name has been given to the peculiar process by which tannic acid is converted into gallic acid, under the joint influence of moisture and atmospheric oxygen. According to the researches of M.

Antoine Larocque, the peculiar ferment of nut-galls which operates this change also converts sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid, in the same way as yeast does; whilst beer yeast, muscular flesh, and caseous matter change tannin into gallic acid. The similarity of the gallic and vinous fermentation may hence be reasonably inferred.

=GALLIUM.= A new metal discovered in August, 1875, by means of the spectroscope, by M. Lecoq Boisbaudran, in a specimen of blende from the mines of Pierrefitte, in the Pyrenees. The new element was named gallium in honour of France, the discoverer's native country.

Gallium gives a spectrum composed of two bands in the violet, one of the bands being brilliant, and of wave length 417, and the other, a feeble one of wave length, 4033.

The Pierrefitte blende contains one part of gallium in four hundred thousand. It is, however, found much more abundantly in a black blende from Bensberg, on the Rhine, one hundred thousand parts of this latter yielding one part of gallium.