Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 40

_Prep._ The aqueous extract of the yellow powder or lupulinic grains of the strobiles, along with a little lime, are treated with rectified spirit; the filtered tincture is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in water, and the solution is again filtered, and evaporated to dryness; the residuum is, lastly, washed with ether, and allowed to dry.

_Prop., &c._ The latter product is a yellowish-white, bitter, uncrystallisable substance, soluble in 20 parts of water, very soluble in alcohol, and slightly so in ether. The yellow powder above alluded to (No.

1) is improperly called lupulin; a name which appears more appropriate to the pure bitter principle than to the lupulinic grains.

_Adult._ The lupulin sold to brewers is largely adulterated with qua.s.sia.

In some samples, lately examined, the qua.s.sia amounted to 70 per cent.

=LU'PUS.= In _pathology_, a disease affecting the skin, remarkable for eating away the parts which it attacks with extreme rapidity. It is generally confined to the face, and commences with small, spreading ulcerations, which become more or less concealed beneath bran-like scabs, and end in ragged ulcers, which gradually destroy the skin and muscular tissue to a considerable depth.

=LUS'TRE.= See PLUMBAGO.

=LUTE.= _Syn._ LUTING; LUTUM, CaeMENTUM, L. A composition employed to secure the joints of chemical vessels, or as a covering to protect them from the violence of the fire.

_Prep._ 1. Linseed meal, either alone or mixed with an equal weight of whiting, and made into a stiff paste with water. It soon becomes very hard and tough.

2. Ground almond cake, from which the oil has been pressed, mixed up as the last. Both the above are much used for stills, retorts, and other vessels that are not exposed to a heat higher than about 320 Fahr. They are capable of resisting the action of the fumes of volatile oils, spirits, weak acids, &c., for some time.

3. Fresh-slaked lime made into a paste with strained bullock's blood or size. As the last.

4. Plaster of Paris made into a paste with water, and at once applied. It bears a nearly red heat, but becomes rather porous and friable.

5. Powdered clay or whiting made into putty with water and boiled linseed oil. This is commonly known as 'fat lute.'

6. A mixture of powdered clay and ground bricks, made up with water or a solution of borax. For joining crucibles, &c., which are to be exposed to a strong heat.

7. Pipe-clay and horse-dung, made into a paste with water. As a coating for gla.s.s vessels, to preserve them from injury from exposure to the fire.

This composition is used by the pipe-makers, and will stand unharmed the extremest heat of their kiln for 24 hours. It is applied by spreading it on paper.

8. As the last, but employing shredded tow or plumbago for horse-dung.

_Obs._ For the joints of small vessels, as tubes, &c., especially those of gla.s.s or earthenware, pieces of vulcanized Indian tubing, slipped over and tied above and below the joint, are very convenient subst.i.tutes for lutes, and have the advantage of lasting for a long time, and bearing uninjured the heat at which oil of vitriol boils. Flat rings or "washers" of vulcanised rubber are also excellent for still heads, &c., whenever the parts can be pinched together by screws or clamps.

=LYCOPO'DIUM.= The fine powder known in commerce under this name consists of the minute spores of the common club moss, or _Lycopodium clavatum_. It is exceedingly combustible; thrown suddenly from a powder-puff or bellows across the flame of a candle, it produces the imitation flashes of lightning of our theatres. The powder is also employed as a 'dusting powder' in excoriations, and to roll up boluses and pills.

According to M. Paul Cazeneuve, pine pollen is occasionally subst.i.tuted for lycopodium.

=MACARO'NI.= This only differs from VERMICELLI in the size of the pipes, which are about as large as a goose-quill. When properly dressed it is very wholesome and nutritious. A pleasant dish may be made by boiling macaroni in water until soft, either with or without a little salt, draining off the water, and then stewing it with a little b.u.t.ter, cream, or milk, and grated cheese, adding spice to palate. It may be made into a 'form' and browned before the fire.

=MAC'AROONS (English).= _Prep._ Take of sweet almonds, 1 lb.; blanch and beat them to a paste, add of lump sugar 1-1/4 lb.; whites of 6 eggs; the grated yellow peel of 2 lemons; mix well, make it into 'forms,' cover with wafer paper, and bake in a moderate oven.

=MACE.= _Syn._ MACIS, L. The tough membranous, lacerated covering (ariliode) of the NUTMEG. It has a flavour and odour more agreeable than that of nutmeg, which in its general properties it resembles. It is used as a flavouring by cooks, confectioners, and liqueuristes; and in medicine as a carminative. See OIL, &c.

=MACERA'TION.= _Syn._ MACERATIO, L. The steeping of a substance in cold water, for the purpose of extracting the portion soluble in that menstruum. The word is also frequently applied to the infusion of organic substances in alcohol or ether, or in water, either alkalised or acidulated.

=MACKEREL.= The _s...o...b..r s...o...b..us_ (Linn.), a well-known spiny-finned sea-fish, much esteemed at certain seasons for the table. Though nutritious, it is very apt to disagree with delicate stomachs, and occasionally induces symptoms resembling those of poisoning.

=MAD'DER.= _Syn._ RUBIA, RUBIae RADIX, L. The root of _Rubia tinctorum_ (Linn.), or dyer's madder. The best madder has the size of a common goose-quill, a reddish appearance, and a strong odour. As soon as the roots are taken from the ground they are picked and dried; and before use they are ground in a mill. Levant, Turkey, and Smyrna madder is imported whole; French, Dutch, and Zealand madder, ground. The finest quality of ground madder is called 'crop' or 'grappe,' 'ombro' and 'gamene' are inferior sorts, and 'mull' the worst.

Madder contains several distinct principles as--madder red, or alizarin;--madder purple, or purpurin;--madder orange, or rubiacin; madder yellow, or xanthin, &c. The first of these (noticed _below_) is by far the most important.

_Pur._ Madder is frequently adulterated with logwood, Brazil wood, and other dye-stuffs of inferior value; and also, not unfrequently, with brickdust, red ochre clay, sand, mahogany sawdust, bran, &c. These admixtures may be detected as follows:--

1. When dried at 212 Fahr., and then incinerated, not more than 10% to 12% of ash should be left.

2. It should not lose more than 50% to 56% by exhaustion with cold water.

3. When a.s.sayed for alizarin (see _below_), the quant.i.ty of this substance obtained should be equal to that from a sample of the same kind of madder which is known to be pure, and which has been treated in precisely the same manner. The operation may be conducted as follows:--500 gr. of the sample are weighed, and, after being dried by the heat of boiling water or steam, are gradually added to an equal weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, contained in a gla.s.s vessel, and stirred with a gla.s.s rod; after a few hours the charred ma.s.s is washed with cold water, collected on a filter, and dried by the heat of boiling water; the carbonised ma.s.s ('garacine') is next powdered, and treated with successive portions of rectified spirit, to which a little ether has been added, at first in the cold, and afterwards with heat, until the liquid is no longer coloured by it, when the mixed tincture is filtered, and evaporated (distilled) to dryness; the weight of the residuum, divided by 5, gives the percentage of red colouring matter present. Or,--The dried carbonized matter is exhausted by boiling it in a solution of 1 part of alum in 5 or 6 parts of water, and the decoction, after being filtered whilst in the boiling state, is treated with sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls, which is washed, dried, and weighed as before.

_Uses, &c._ Madder has been given in jaundice and rickets, and as an emmenagogue.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 2 dr., twice or thrice a day. It is princ.i.p.ally employed as a dye-stuff. See RED DYES, IVORY, PURPURIN, &c., also _below_.

=MADDER RED.= _Syn._ ALIZARIN. C_{14}H_{8}O_{4}. 2Aq. The red colouring principle of madder, first obtained in a separate form by Robiquet.

_Prep._ 1. The aqueous decoction of madder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls, which, after being washed, is boiled in a solution of chloride of aluminum as long as it gives out colour; the liquid is then filtered, precipitated with hydrochloric acid, and the precipitate washed and dried. It may be purified from a little adhering purpurin, by dissolving it in alcohol, again throwing it down with hydrate of aluminum, boiling the precipitate with a strong solution of soda, and separating the alizarin from its combination with alumina by means of hydrochloric acid; it is lastly crystallised from alcohol.

2. (Meillet.) Alum, 3 parts, is dissolved in water at 140 Fahr., 30 parts, and madder, 13 parts, added to the solution; the whole is then gently boiled for 30 or 40 minutes, after which it is thrown upon a filter, and submitted to strong pressure; this treatment is repeated with fresh solutions a second and a third time; the mixed filtrates are then decanted, and when nearly cold, oil of vitriol, 1 part, diluted with twice its bulk of water, is added, care being taken to stir the liquid all the time; the supernatant fluid is next decanted, and the residuum well washed, and, lastly, dried in the air. If required quite pure, it is dissolved, whilst still moist, in a solution of 1-1/2 times its weight of carbonate of pota.s.sa in 15 parts of water, and, after reprecipitation with sulphuric acid, is washed and dried as before.

3. (Robiquet & Colin.) Powdered madder is exhausted with water of a temperature not exceeding 68 Fahr., and, after being dried, 1 part of it is boiled for 15 or 20 minutes in a solution of alum, 8 parts, in water, 40 parts; the liquid is filtered whilst boiling, the marc well washed with a fresh solution of alum, the mixed liquids precipitated with sulphuric acid, and the precipitate washed and dried, as before.

_Obs._ Alizarin has recently been produced artificially by Graebe and Liebermann from anthracene (C_{14}H_{10}), a liquid hydrocarbon existing in coal-tar. For a description of the process see ALIZARIN, ARTIFICIAL.

4. Madder exhausted by 2 or 3 macerations in 5 or 6 times its weight of cold water, is submitted to strong pressure, to remove adhering water, and the marc, whilst still moist, is mixed with half its weight of oil of vitriol diluted with an equal quant.i.ty of water; the whole is kept at the temperature of 212 for an hour, and after being mixed with cold water is thrown on a linen strainer, well washed with cold water, and dried.

5. From powdered madder and oil of vitriol, equal parts, without heat, as described under MADDER.

6. (F. Steiner.) The 'used madder' of the dye-works is run into filters, and precipitated with sulphuric acid; the matter thus obtained is put into bags and rendered as dry as possible by hydraulic pressure; the pressed cake is next crumbled to pieces, placed in a leaden vessel, and treated with 1-5th of its weight of oil of vitriol, afterwards a.s.sisting the action of the acid by introducing steam to the mixture; the resulting dark brown carbonized ma.s.s is, lastly, well washed, dried, powdered, and mixed with about 5% of carbonate of soda, when it is ready for sale.

_Obs._ The last three formulae produce the 'GARANCE' or 'GARANCINE' of commerce, now so extensively used in dyeing.

_Prop., &c._ Pure anhydrous alizarin crystallises in magnificent orange-red crystals, which may be fused and sublimed; it is freely soluble in alkaline solutions, which it colours purple or violet; and, in oil of vitriol, giving a rich red colour; water throws it down from the last unchanged; it is also soluble in hot alcohol, a hot solution of alum, and, less freely, in hot water. Hydrated alizarin occurs in small scales resembling mosaic gold. When impure, it generally forms s.h.i.+ning reddish-brown scales. Commercial 'garancine' is a deep-brown or puce-coloured powder, and will probably, ere long, entirely supersede crude madder for dyeing. The properties of garancine as a dye-stuff are precisely similar to those of madder. A solution of alum added to a solution of alizarin, and precipitated by carbonate of pota.s.sa, furnishes a rose lake; which, after being washed with water and dried, possesses a most charming tint.

=MAGILP'.= _Syn._ MEGELLUP. A mixture of pale linseed oil and mastic varnish, employed by artists as a 'vehicle' for their colours. The proportions vary according to the work. It is thinned with turpentine.

=MAG'ISTERY.= _Syn._ MAGISTERIUM, L. The old name of precipitates. The following are the princ.i.p.al substances to which this term has been applied:--MAGISTERY OF ALUM, hydrate of alumina; M. OF BIs.m.u.tH, sub-nitrate of bis.m.u.th; M. OF DIAPh.o.r.eTIC ANTIMONY, washed diaph.o.r.etic antimony; M. OF OPIUM (Ludolph's), crude morphia; M. OF LAPIS CALAMINARIS or M. OF ZINC, hydrated oxide of zinc.

=MAGNESIA.= See MAGNESIUM, OXIDE OF.

=Magnesia, Hydrate of.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ MAGNESIae HYDRAS. Obtained by boiling magnesia in 20 or 30 times its weight of water for 20 minutes, draining on a linen cloth and drying. It contains 31 per cent. of water.

=Magnesia, Lactate of= (Ph. Ger.) _Syn._ MAGNESIae LACTAS. _Prep._ Mix 1 oz. (by weight) of lactic acid in 10 oz. of distilled water, just made slightly warm, and add light carbonate of magnesia enough to neutralise it. Filter and evaporate till crystals form.

=MAGNE'SIAN APE"RIENT (Effervescing).= _Prep._ 1. Heavy carbonate of magnesia, 2 lbs.; tartaric acid and double refined lump sugar, of each 1-1/2 lb.; bicarbonate of soda (dried without heat), 1 lb.; each separately dried and in very fine powder; essential oils of orange and lemon, of each 1/2 fl. dr.; mix well in a warm, dry situation, pa.s.s the whole through a sieve, put it into warm, dry bottles, and keep them well corked.

2. As the last, but subst.i.tuting calcined magnesia, 1 lb., for the heavy carbonate, and adding sugar, 3/4 lb. The preceding furnish a very pleasant effervescing saline draught.

3. (MOXON'S.)--_a._ Take of sulphate of magnesia, 2 lbs.; dry it by a gradually increased heat, powder, add of tartaric acid (also dried and powdered), 1-1/4 lb.; calcined magnesia, 1/2 lb.; finely powdered white sugar, 3 lbs.; bicarbonate of soda (dried without heat), 1 lb.; essence of lemon, 1 dr.; mix, and proceed as before.

_b._ (Durande.) Carbonate of magnesia, 1 part; bicarbonate of soda, tartrate of soda and pota.s.sa (sel de Seignette), and tartaric acid, of each 2 parts; mix as before.