Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 277

=Dioxide, or Binoxide of Tungsten.= (WO_{2}.) This is an indifferent oxide, and is obtained by treating tungstic acid with hydrogen at a low red heat. It occurs as a brown powder, which absorbs oxygen greedily from the air, and is dissolved by boiling with solution of caustic potash, hydrogen being evolved and pota.s.sium tungstate being formed.

=Trioxide of Tungsten.= (WO_{3}.) _Syn._ TUNGSTIC ANHYDRIDE. This may be obtained by decomposing wolfram with aqua regia, and evaporating to dryness. The resulting tungstic acid is dissolved in ammonia, and the ammonic tungstate purified by crystallisation. When this ammonic tungstate is heated in the air, it loses ammonia and water, pure tungstic trioxide being left behind.

=Tungstic Acid.= (H_{2}WO_{4}.) This compound may be procured by adding an excess of hydrochloric acid to a boiling solution of the trioxide in any of the alkalies. It occurs as a yellow powder.

=Tungstic Chloride.= (WCl_{6}.) This may be obtained by heating tungsten in chlorine, when it sublimes in bronze-coloured needles, which are decomposed by water. When gently heated in hydrogen, this chloride becomes converted into tetrachloride (WCl_{4}).

=Bisulphide of Tungsten.= (WS_{2}.) By heating a mixture of bitungstate of potash with sulphur, and was.h.i.+ng the product with hot water, a black crystalline substance, having the above composition, may be obtained, resembling plumbago in appearance.

Of the salts of tungsten, tungstate of baryta has been used as a subst.i.tute for white lead in painting; but the most important of these is the tungstate of soda, described below. See also TUNGSTIC GLUE.

=TUNGSTATE OF SODIUM.= Na_{2}WO_{4}. This salt is used for rendering linen, cotton, and other fabrics uninflammable; also as a subst.i.tute for stannate of sodium as a mordant in dyeing. It may be prepared by adding 9 parts of finely-powdered tungsten to 8 parts of fused carbonate of sodium, and continuing the heat for some time; on boiling the cooled and pulverised ma.s.s with water, evaporating the filtrate to dryness, and treating the residue with luke-warm water, the salt dissolves out. Muslin steeped in a 20% solution of this salt is perfectly uninflammable when dry, and the saline film left upon its surface is so smooth that the muslin may be ironed without difficulty.

=TUNGSTIC GLUE.= Tungstic glue has been suggested as a subst.i.tute for hard india rubber, as it can be used for all the purposes to which this latter is applied. It is thus prepared:--Mix together a thick solution of glue with tungstate of soda and hydrochloric acid. A compound of tungstic acid and glue is precipitated, which, at a temperature of 86 to 104 F., is sufficiently elastic to be drawn out into very thin sheets.

=TUNNY FISH, a la Parisienne.= As a rule tunny fish is very indigestible, and may be described as "neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor good red herring;"

nevertheless, some of our readers may come across this fish, and will be glad to hear of a way in which to make it palatable and digestible. Take three or four pounds of fresh tunny fish, lard it with bacon as you would veal; cook it gently in its own gravy for three hours, with salt, pepper, sweet herbs, little onions, and a small quant.i.ty of water. When well cooked, tunny fish makes a nice dish cold for breakfast.

=TUR'BOT.= The _Rhombus maximus_ (Cuvier), said to be the best, and excepting the halibut, the largest of our flat fishes. Dutch turbots are the most esteemed.

_Composition of the turbot_:

Nitrogenous matter 181 per cent.

Fat 29 "

Saline matter 10 "

Water 780 "

------ 1000

=TUR'KEY.= See POULTRY.

=TUR'MERIC.= _Syn._ CURc.u.mA (Ph. L. & D.), L. The rhizome of _Curc.u.ma longa_. The best is imported from Ceylon. It is stimulant and carminative, but is chiefly used in dyeing yellow, and as an ingredient in curry powder; also as a test for alkalies. It gives a fugitive golden yellow with wold, and an orange tinge to scarlet. It dies wool and silk, mordanted with common salt, or sal ammoniac, a fugitive yellow.--_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr. See CURc.u.mINE.

_Composition of an average sample of Curc.u.ma longa_:

Water 14249 Curc.u.min 11000 Turmeric 12075 Volatile oil 1000 Gum 8113 Starch 3627 Extractive 3388 Woody fibre 46548 Ash, included in above weights [5463]

-------- 100000

Under the microscope turmeric presents a very characteristic structure, viz. "a cellular tissue containing large, loose, yellow cells, with here and there small, but very distinct, starch granules, similar in shape and size to those of _Curc.u.ma arrowroot_, and some woody fibre and dotted ducts. The yellow granular cells can readily be identified whenever they occur.[242]

[Footnote 242: Dr Winter Blyth.]

=TURNBULL'S BLUE.= _Syn._ FERRICYANIDE OF IRON; FERRI FERRICYANIDUM, L.

_Prep._ Precipitate a solution of protosulphate of iron with another of red prussiate of potash (ferricyanide of pota.s.sium.)

_Obs._ This is a variety of Prussian blue, remarkable for its beautiful colour, and may be distinguished from the ordinary Prussian blue of commerce by its action on the yellow prussiate of potash. When boiled in a solution of the latter it is decomposed, a portion is dissolved, and a grey residue remains.

=TURNER'S YELLOW.= See YELLOW PIGMENTS.

=TURNIP.= The _Bra.s.sica napus_. This vegetable possesses but little nutritive value, as will be inferred from the annexed description of its composition given by Letheby:

Nitrogenous matter 12 Starch 51 Sugar 21 Salt 06 Water 910 ------ 1000

Turnips should always be thoroughly cooked, otherwise they are very liable to produce indigestion.

=TURN'SOLE.= See LITMUS.

=TUR'PENTINE.= _Syn._ TURPENTIN; TEREBINTHINA. (Ph. L., E., D.), L. "An oleo-resin flowing from the trunk, the bark being removed, of _Pinus pal.u.s.tris_ (pitch or swamp pine) and _Pinus Tda_ (loblolly or old field pine)." (Ph. L.) "From _Pinus sylvestris_ (the Scotch fir)." (Ph. D.) "From various species of _Pinus_ and _Abies_." (Ph. E.) It is viscid, of the consistence of honey, and transparent; by distillation it is resolved into oil of turpentine, which pa.s.ses over into the receiver; and into resin, which remains in the still.

=Turpentine, Bordeaux.= _Syn._ FRENCH TURPENTINE. From the _Pinus maritima_, or cl.u.s.ter pine. Solidifies with magnesia. (Lindley.)

=Turpentine, Chian.= _Syn._ CHIO TURPENTINE, CYPRUS T., SCIO T.; TEREBINTHINA CHIA (Ph. L. & E.), L. "An oleo-resin flowing from the incised trunk of _Pistachia terebinthus_" (Linn.). (Ph. L.) It is pale, aromatic, fragrant, and has a warm taste, devoid of acrimony or bitterness. It is much adulterated. A fact.i.tious article (terebinthina Chia fact.i.tia), made as follows, is also very generally sold for it:--Black resin, 7 lbs.; melt, remove the heat, and stir in of balsam of Canada, 7 lbs.; oils of fennel and juniper, of each 1 fl. dr.

=Turpentine, Venice.= _Syn._ TEREBINTHINA VENETA (Ph. E.), L. Liquid resinous exudation from the _Abies Larix_, or larch tree. It is sweeter and less resinous-tasted than common turpentine, but is now scarcely ever met with in trade. That of the shops is wholly a fact.i.tious article, made as follows:--Black resin, 48 lbs.; melt, remove the heat, and add of oil of turpentine, 2 galls.

=TUR'PETH MINERAL.= Basic sulphate of mercury.

=TURRET OF CHESTNUTS.= A 'Turret of Chestnuts' (_Tourelle de Marrons_) is the name of a most toothsome dish. Take rather over two pounds of chestnuts, peel, and cook them in water, with a pinch of salt therein, then put them, whilst hot, into a colander. Beat into a paste, with a little milk, sugar, and vanille. Put the mixture into a mould in the form of a turret, about an inch thick; when quite firm, open the mould and turn out the contents carefully, glaze with syrup. Fill the middle with whipped cream, flavoured with chocolate or vanille.

=TUR'TLE.= _Syn._ GREEN TURTLE. The _Testuda midas_ (Linn.), a chelonian reptile, highly esteemed for its flesh, eggs, and fat.

=TUSSILA'GO.= See COLTSFOOT.

=TU'TENAG.= A name sometimes applied to German silver; at others, to pale bra.s.s and bell metal. "In India zinc sometimes goes under this name."

(Brande.)

=TUT'TY.= _Syn._ TUTIA, TUTHIA, IMPURE OXIDE OF ZINC. The sublimate that collects in the chimneys of the furnaces in which the ores of zinc are smelting. Drying; astringent. Used in eye-waters and ointments.

=TYPE METAL.= An alloy formed of antimony, 1 part; lead, 3 parts; melted together. Small types are usually made of a harder composition than large ones. A good stereotype metal is said to be made of lead, 9 parts; antimony, 2 parts; bis.m.u.th, 1 part. This alloy expands as it cools, and, consequently, brings out a fine impression.

=TYPHOID FEVER.= _Syn._ GASTRIC FEVER, ENTERIC or INTESTINAL FEVER, LOW FEVER, COMMON CONTINUED FEVER, INFANTILE REMITTENT, ENDEMIC FEVER, PYTHOGENIC FEVER. Although the term 'typhoid' expresses the fact that this particular form of fever resembles typhus, the researches of later pathologists, including Perry, Lombard, Stewart, and Jenner, have satisfactorily demonstrated that the two diseases are altogether distinct.

"Typhus and typhoid fevers differ," says Sir Thomas Watson, "notably and constantly in their symptoms and course, in their duration, in their comparative fatality, in the superficial markings which respectively belong to them, and which warrant our cla.s.sing them among the exanthemata, in the internal organic changes with which they are severally attended, and (what is the most important and the most conclusive) in their exciting causes."

About the beginning of the present century, the French pract.i.tioners, after several _post-mortem_ examinations, were the first to point out that the specifically distinguis.h.i.+ng feature of this disease was an internal exanthema. This salient characteristic, coupled with the highly infectious nature of typhoid fever, have caused it to be defined by pathologists as "a contagious eruptive fever occurring on the mucous membrane of the intestines, and therefore removed from view."

The morbid appearance presented by the intestinal mucous membrane, varies with the time that elapses between the period of seizure and death. If the patient dies within the week, the follicles on the membrane present a thickened appearance, and are raised above it, whilst they are seen to be filled with a yellowish, cheesy-looking substance. The result of these details is to give the bowels the appearance of being covered with pustules.

When death has occurred at a later period ulceration more or less extensive has been observed to have set in.

The influence of age in predisposing to typhoid fever is forcibly ill.u.s.trated in the following table extracted from Dr Walter Blyth's 'Dictionary of Practical Hygiene':

Years of Age. Per cent.

Under 5 098 From 5 to 9 944 " 10 " 14 1816 " 15 " 19 2686 " 20 " 24 1969 " 25 " 29 1015 " 30 " 34 536 " 35 " 39 340 " 40 " 44 209 " 45 " 49 108 " 50 " 54 060 " 55 " 59 033 " 60 " 64 033 " 65 " 69 008 " 70 " 79 133

Dr Murchison a.s.serts that those under thirty are more than four times as liable to be attacked by typhoid fever as persons over that age. The practical bearing of the above figures is obvious. Typhoid patients should only be nursed by the middle aged.

The season of the year also exercises an influence over the development and spread of this disease. In most countries it prevails with the greatest violence, and is most general, in Autumn, and much more frequently follows a very hot and dry summer than a damp one. The carriers of the typhoid poison are the alvine and possibly the cutaneous and other excretions. The disease may therefore be conveyed by contact with the hands or skin of an infected patient, by his urine, by his body linen, the bed clothes, or by dissemination from these into the surrounding air. But the most fertile and unquestionable cause of propagation is the contamination of drinking water by matter derived from the fcal discharges of typhoid patients, which having soaked into the soil from the privy into which they had found their way, filtered from thence into a neighbouring well, or by means of drains proceeding from a privy or cesspool, into a stream. We can easily understand that the disease when traced to potable water, should always a.s.sume so virulent and frequently fatal a character. The fever poison is thus directly conveyed into the stomach, and hence easily reaches the intestines, whence the disease originates. This will also account for the very small quant.i.ty of infected water which it has found communicates the disease.