Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period Part 44

_117. Extract from the Boston News-Letter. August 22, 1720._[1]

[Footnote 1: From the file possessed by the Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society.]

_Boston_, On Monday last, the 15th Currant, arrived here the s.h.i.+p _Samuel_, about eleven Weeks from London, and ten from Lands end, Capt. Samuel Carry Commander,[2] who in his Voyage hither, on the 13th of July past, in the Lat.i.tude of 44, about 30 or 40 Leagues to the Eastward of the Banks of New-foundland, was accosted and taken by two Pirates, viz., A s.h.i.+p of 26 Guns, and a Sloop of ten, both Commanded by Capt. Thomas Roberts,[3] having on board about a hundred Men, all English: The dismal Account whereof follows:

[Footnote 2: Sewall notes in his diary, under this same date of Aug.

15, "Cary arrives who had been pillaged by the Pirats." Ma.s.s. Hist.

Soc. _Coll._, XLVII. 259.]

[Footnote 3: For Thomas read Bartholomew. Bartholomew Roberts was one of the most famous pirates of his time, _i.e._, of the years 1718-1724, the heyday of piracy in the eighteenth century. Capt.

Charles Johnson, in his account of that period, _A General History of the Pyrates_ (London, 1724), devotes nearly a third of his book (pp.

161-260 of the first edition) to Roberts, as "having made more Noise in the World" than others, and declares (p. 3 of preface) that "Roberts and his Crew, alone, took 400 Sail, before he was destroy'd".

Of his appearance we have this picture, from the same chronicler's account of his last fight: a tall dark Welshman of near forty, "Roberts himself made a gallant Figure, being dressed in a rich crimson Damask Wastcoat, and Breeches, a red Feather in his Hat, and a Gold Chain Ten Times round his Neck, a Sword in his Hand, and two pair of Pistols hanging at the End of a Silk Sling, which was flung over his Shoulders, according to the Fas.h.i.+on of the Pyrates" (p. 213). His meteoric career of piracy lasted but four years.]

The first thing the Pirates did, was to strip both Pa.s.sengers and Seamen of all their Money and Cloths which they had on board, with a loaded Pistol held to every ones breast ready to shoot him down, who did not immediately give an account of both, and resign them up. The next thing they did was, with madness and rage to tare up the Hatches, enter the Hould like a parcel of Furies, where with Axes, Cutlashes, etc., they cut, tore and broke open Trunks, Boxes, Cases and Bales, and when any of the Goods came upon Deck which they did not like to carry with them aboard their s.h.i.+p, instead of tossing them into the Hould again they threw them over-board into the Sea. The usual method they had to open Chests was by shooting a brace of Bullets with a Pistol into the Key-hole to force them open. The Pirates carryed away from Capt. Carry's s.h.i.+p aboard their own 40 barrels of Powder, two great Guns, his Cables, etc. and to the value of about nine or ten Thousand Pounds Sterling worth of the Choicest Goods he had on board.

There was nothing heard among the Pirates all the while, but Cursing, Swearing, Dam'ing and Blaspheming to the greatest degree imaginable, and often saying they would not go to Hope point[4] in the River of Thames to be hung up in Gibbets a Sundrying as Kidd and Bradish's Company did, for if it should chance that they should be Attacked by any Superiour power or force, which they could not master, they would immediately put fire with one of their Pistols to their Powder, and go all merrily to h.e.l.l together! They often ridicul'd and made a mock at King George's Acts of Grace[5] with an Oath, that they had not got Money enough, but when they had, if he then did grant them one, after they sent him word, they would thank him for it. They forced and took away with them Capt. Carry's Mate, and his Seamen, viz. Henry Gilespy, Mate,[6] Hugh Minnens,[7] both North Britains, Michael Le Couter, a Jersey Man, and Abraham, a Kentish Man, could not learn his Sir-name, the Captains Book being carryed away, (except one Row born in Dublin which they would not take because born in Ireland),[8] holding a Pistol with a brace of Bullets to each of their b.r.e.a.s.t.s to go with them, or be presently shot down, telling them that at present they wanted none of their Service; but when they came to any Action, they should have liberty to Fight and Defend the s.h.i.+p as they did, or else immediately be shot, that they should not tell tales. They had on board the Pirate near 20 Tuns of Brandy. However the Pirates made themselves very merry aboard of Capt. Carry's s.h.i.+p with some Hampers of fine Wines that were either presents, or sent to some Gentlemen in Boston; it seems they would not wait to unty them and pull out the Corks with Skrews, but each man took his bottle and with his Cutlash cut off the Neck and put it to their Mouths and drank it out.[9]

Whilst the Pirates were disputing whither to sink or burn Capt.

Carry's s.h.i.+p they spy'd a Sail that same evening, and so let him go free.

[Footnote 4: Probably a derisive phrase of their own, for the ordinary place of execution near Wapping Old Stairs.]

[Footnote 5: Proclamations offering pardon to pirates who should surrender themselves within a given time. Two such proclamations of George I., Sept. 5, 1717, and Dec. 21, 1718, are printed in the American Antiquarian Society's volume of royal proclamations relating to America, _Transactions_, XII. 176-178.]

[Footnote 6: When the survivors of Roberts's crew were tried at Cape Corso Castle on the African coast in March and April, 1722, and fifty-two of them executed, this man ("Harry Glasby") was acquitted, for, though he had risen to be master of the princ.i.p.al pirate s.h.i.+p, there was abundant evidence (Johnson, first ed., pp. 186, 235-238) that he had always been unwilling to continue with the pirates, that he had tried to escape, and that he had often shown himself humane.

Scott uses the name of Harry Glasby in _The Pirate_, vol. II., ch. 11, borrowing it from Johnson.]

[Footnote 7: Or Menzies. _Ibid._, p. 228.]

[Footnote 8: Roberts's hostility toward Irishmen arose from the trick played upon him by one of his lieutenants, an Irishman named Kennedy, who on the coast of Surinam ran away with both his s.h.i.+p and a good Portuguese prize. _Ibid._, pp. 166-169.]

[Footnote 9: They seem to have been painfully dest.i.tute of corkscrews.

A year later, on the West African coast, when they had captured in a s.h.i.+p of the Royal African Company the chaplain of Cape Coast Castle, and had asked him to join them, "alledging merrily, that their s.h.i.+p wanted a Chaplain", and he had declined, they gave him back all his possessions, and "kept nothing which belonged to the Church, except three Prayer-Books, and a Bottle-Screw, which, as I was inform'd by one of the Pyrates himself, they said they had Occasion for, for their own Use". _Ibid._, p. 198.]

And at Midnight they came up with the same, which was a Snow from Bristol, Capt. Bowls Master, bound for Boston, of whom they made a Prize, and serv'd him as they did Capt. Carry, unloaded his Vessel and forced all his Men, designing to carry the Snow with them to make her a Hulk to carreen their s.h.i.+p with.

The abovesaid Capt. Roberts in Novemb. 1718,[10] was third Mate of a Guinea Man out of London for Guinea, Capt. Plummer Commander, who was taken by a Pirate, and by that means Roberts himself became a Pirate, and being an active, brisk Man, they voted him their Captain, which he readily embraced.

[Footnote 10: Johnson says 1719 (second ed., p. 208), but 1718 is correct. The _Princess_, Capt. Plumb, was captured at Anamabo by Capt.

Howel Davis. _Id._, first ed., p. 157; for the ensuing narrative, _cf._ pp. 175-178.]

The said Roberts in the abovesaid Sloop, Rhode Island built, with a Briganteen Consort Pirate, was some time in January last in the Lat.i.tude of Barbadoes, near the Island, where they took and endeavoured to take several Vessels; but the Governour,[11] hearing of it, fitted out one Capt. Rogers of Bristol, in a fine Gally, a s.h.i.+p of about 20 Guns, and a Sloop, Capt. Graves Commander; Capt. Rogers killed and wounded several of Roberts's Men, and made a great hole in his Sloop, which his Carpenter with very great Difficulty (hundreds of Bullets flying round him) stopt, and finding Capt. Rogers too strong for him, tho' Graves did nothing, which if had, he must of necessity been taken, he therefore run for it, as also did his Consort Briganteen, which he never saw nor heard of since.

[Footnote 11: Robert Lowther, governor 1710-1721.]

From Barbadoes Roberts went to an Island called Granada,[12] to the Leeward of Barbadoes, where he carreen'd his Sloop, and from thence this Spring with 45 Men he came to Newfoundland, into the Harbour of Trepa.s.si,[13] towards the latter end of June last, with Drums beating, Trumpets sounding, and other Instruments of Musick, English Colours flying, their Pirate Flagg at the Topmast-Head, with Deaths Head and Cutlash, and there being 22 sail in that Harbour, upon the sight of the Pirate the Men all fled on Sh.o.r.e and left their Vessels, which they possess'd themselves off, burnt, sunk and destroyed all of them, excepting one Bristol Gally, which they designed to be their best Pirate s.h.i.+p, if a better did not present. After they did all the mischief they could in that Harbour, they came on upon the Banks, where they met nine or ten sail of Frenchmen, one of whom is the Pirate s.h.i.+p of 26 Guns abovesaid, taken from a French-man, unto whom Roberts the Pirate gave the Bristol Gally, but sunk and destroyed all the other French Vessels, taking first out what Guns were fit for his own s.h.i.+p, and all other valuable Goods.

[Footnote 12: Grenada, not yet a British possession.]

[Footnote 13: At the southeast corner of Newfoundland, just west of Cape Race.]

Roberts the Pirate designed from Newfoundland to range thro' the Western and Canary Islands, and so to the Southward, to the Island of New Providence,[14] possest by Negroe's, in South Lat.i.tude 17, which they say is the place of the Pirates General Rendezvous, where they have a Fortification and a great Magazine of Powder, etc. where they intend to spend their Money with the Portuguize Negro Women. Roberts the Pirate says, that there is a French Pirate on the North Coast of America, who gives no Quarter to any Nation, and if he met him, he would give him none. The Pirates seems much enraged at Bristol Men, for Capt. Rogers sake, whom they hate as they do the Spaniards.

[Footnote 14: This island seems to be imaginary. In the Atlantic, which seems to be meant, there is no island in 17 S. lat. except St.

Helena. In the Indian Ocean there is a Providence Island in 9 S.

lat., north of Madagascar. But newspaper accuracy was no greater then than now. Roberts went first to the West Indies, then to the west coast of Africa, where after many exploits he was killed in battle with H.M.S. _Swallow_, 50, in February, 1722. Johnson, first ed., pp.

179-188, 193-214. The captain of the _Swallow_ was knighted for the exploit (capturing 187 pirates), and afterward became famous as Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle.]

ADMIRALTY COURTS.

_118. John Menzies to the Secretary of the Admiralty (?). July 20, 1721._[1]

[Footnote 1: London, Privy Council, Unbound Papers, 1:47, copy; probably the original was addressed to the secretary to the Admiralty.

John Menzies, a Scotsman and a member of the Faculty of Advocates of Edinburgh, was judge of the vice-admiralty court for New Hamps.h.i.+re, Ma.s.sachusetts, and Rhode Island, from Dec., 1715, to his death in 1728. See Ma.s.s. Hist. Soc., _Proceedings_, LIV. 93-94.]

_Copy_

_Sir_

Since I transmitted to you Copies of my Decrees with reference to Captain Smart's Seizure when in this place,[2] I have not given you the trouble of any Information of my Proceedings, or Complaints, The Provincial Judges in Colonel Shute's Government and I having come to a better understanding in relation to Prohibitions, by his Countenance in Complyance with their Lords.h.i.+ps Order.[3]

[Footnote 2: Capt. Thomas Smart of H.M.S. _Squirrel_. _Publications Col. Soc. Ma.s.s._, VIII. 179; _Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial_, III. 30.]

[Footnote 3: There was constant friction between admiralty judges and common-law judges in America as there had been in England. In 1726 Judge Menzies was expelled from the legislature of Ma.s.sachusetts for stoutly standing by the complaints he had made to the Admiralty on this subject. A discussion of one of them, by Richard West, counsel to the Board of Trade, is printed in Chalmers, _Opinions_ (ed. 1858), pp.

515-519.]

This comes that the Lords Commissioners for Executing the Office of Lord High Admiral may be informed of a Case that hath lately occurred within the jurisdiction of Admiralty contained in my Commission,[4]

Namely, One Benjamin Norton of Rhode-Island, and One Joseph Whippole, a Considerable Merchant of that Colony,[5] did fit out a Brigantine, and sent her under the Command of the said Norton to the West Indies last Fall (a Vessel by Common Observation more fit for Pirates than Trade for which they pretended to Employ her) who Fell in with the Pirates at St. Lucia in January last, and was (as he saith) taken by One Roberts a Pirate, though by the Sequel it appears, he is more to be considered as one of their a.s.sistants and Correspondents, for after he had remained with them Six or Seven Weeks, They took a s.h.i.+p Dutch Built of 250 Tuns Burthen, or thereby, and having Loaded her with Sugars, Cocoa, Negroes, etc. of very considerable Value, All this they gave to him for his Brigantine though of much more Value than She, and by the most Judicious in the Country, is supposed to have been committed to him as one of their Trusties, to Vend the Cargo in that Colony, a Practice not without precedent in that Colony these several Years past, if my Information fail not;[6] however, be that as it will, he comes with this s.h.i.+p and Cargo into Tarpaulin Cove,[7] a Place lying between the Province of the Ma.s.sachussets Bay and Rhode Island, where (by the by) the Pirates used to come to infest Our Coasts in April last: And did in a Clandestine Manner advise the said Joseph Whipple of his arrival.

[Footnote 4: See _Acts P.C. Col._, III. 38-40.]

[Footnote 5: Benjamin Norton of Newport was probably the father of the Benjamin Norton who in 1741 was commander of the privateer _Revenge_, and as such figures in docs. nos. 114-162. Col. Joseph Whipple the younger, afterward deputy governor of Rhode Island.]

[Footnote 6: According to Johnson, _General History of the Pyrates_, first ed., pp. 183, 187, Roberts took at Dominica "a Dutch Interloper of 22 Guns and 75 Men" and a Rhode Island brigantine of which one Norton was master, and at Hispaniola, a little later, "mann'd Nortons Brigantine, sending the Master away in the Dutch Interloper, not dissatisfied".]

[Footnote 7: Tarpaulin Cove lies on the east side of Naushon, one of the Elizabeth Islands.]

And having dropped Anchor there, he fired at, and brought too several of Our Coasters, upon which a Rumour arose, that the Pirates were on the Coast, whereby Our Coasters, except his Accomplices who understood better, were deterred for some Days from Falling within his reach, And in the interim, the aforesaid Whipple, with One Christopher Almy, and One Pease, also considerable Traders of New Port in Rhode Island, with some others, did improve that Opportunity, and carried off and conveyed about 30 of the Negroes, with considerable Quant.i.ties of the Sugars, Cocoa, etc., partly in Sloops sent out by them for that purpose, and partly in such others as they intrusted therewith, and a great part of which was by the said Almy and Whipple directed to Providence Plantacion and recommended to the Care and Conduct of One Whipple,[8] Brother to the said Joseph, that Place being their Ordinary Mart and Recepticles for such Cargoes. But so many accessaries were concerned, and the Cargo so considerable, the Secret was Discovered, and thereupon the Officers of his Majesty's Customs, both in the Province of Ma.s.sachussets Bay and Colony of Rhode Island, did exert themselves, and the Collector at Boston did Seize upon the s.h.i.+p and remainder of the Cargo,[9] The said Benjamin Norton upon the Discovery having relinquished the s.h.i.+p and absconded. And the _Surveyor and Searcher at Rhode Island did Seize upon and Secure the Sloop_ belonging to one Draper, employed by the said Joseph Whipple, in which a considerable Quant.i.ties of the Sugars, etc., had been carried off, And did insist against them, upon the breach of the Acts of Trade, for _Neglect to make Entries as the Law directs_. Upon which Informations I gave Decrees finding the same lawful Seizures, and Ordered the Values thereof (after Sale should be made) to be Paid into Court, in regard of the Circ.u.mstantial Case, and delivered up to the Collector, etc., as Informers, upon their enacting and obliging themselves in the Court of Admiralty to refund the Values in Case any Owner should appear and make good their t.i.tle thereto within Twelve Months. This is complyed with at Boston, but in the Colony of Rhode-Island, though the Informations were Laid at the instance of the Officers of the Customes, and that I had given Decrees Condemnator[y]

thereupon, and Ordered the Sales by Publick Vendue, Yet in regard I had obliged them to Enact for Refunding, _The Collector_, in conjunccion with the Governor at Rhode Island,[10] and some others of his a.s.sistants who were concerned in these, who had a part of the Goods trusted in their Hands, till the same should be Sold by Warrant of the Court of Admiralty, Did put a Stop to the Sale appointed by me; And by an Act of the Governor and his a.s.sistants have taken on them to sell and Dispose thereof, and to lodge the Price in other hands than by Decrees of Court was appointed, _albeit by their Charter_ they have no right so to do.

[Footnote 8: Capt. John Whipple of Providence.]

[Footnote 9: The sheriff of Bristol county, Ma.s.sachusetts, impressed twelve men and horses and went to Tarpaulin Cove and took the s.h.i.+p into custody. _Acts and Resolves Prov. Ma.s.s. Bay_, XI. 147.]

[Footnote 10: Samuel Cranston, governor 1698-1727.]