Rising Tide. Part 40

CHAPTER T THIRTY-FOUR.

"[i]t remained for": Clipping quoted in undated report of Mississippi River Flood Control a.s.sociation, PFP.

Present were Hoover, Percy, Martineau, Butler: All information about this meeting and quotes from it below come from a stenographic transcript of the meeting in CP.

"No relief to flood": This statement is dated September 30, 1927, HHPL.

40 percent had gone unspent: Arthur Frank, The Development of the Federal Program of Flood Control on the Mississippi River The Development of the Federal Program of Flood Control on the Mississippi River, p. 195.

The governor of Mississippi: LP to Governor Murphree, December 21, 1927, PFP.

Repeatedly, they saw: October 25, 1927, executive committee minutes, CP.

"following what I interpret": Thomson memo, October 22, 1927, included in CP.

"The first three days": Mississippi River Flood Control a.s.sociation confidential bulletin of October 24, 1927, included in CP.

the chief engineer of every single: Governor-elect Huey Long to Edwin Broussard, February 22, 1928, Edwin Broussard Papers, Dupre Library, Special Collections, University of Southwestern Louisiana; Frank, p. 229.

In his own House testimony: HFCCH HFCCH, January 1928, p. 3723.

"Coming from the Imperial": Ibid., p. 25.

"the greatest expenditure": NYT NYT, February 22 and March 29, 1928.

"President Coolidge has": NYT NYT, February 22, 1928.

"The White House has": Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, April 24, 1928.

Levee boards owed: Frank, p. 237.

"The disastrous flood": Resolution of American Bankers a.s.sociation, April 18, 1928, copy in CP.

the real cost would run: NYT NYT, February 22 and March 29, 1928.

"The bill changes the policy": NOS NOS, May 15, 1928.

"the viciousness of Army engineers": L. T. Berthe to John Klorer, February 22, 1929, NOCA.

"I did not expect this": Minutes of the board of Ca.n.a.l Bank, May 16, 1928, CP.

an evening banquet in his honor: see NOT-P, NOI NOT-P, NOI, and NOT NOT, May 20 through May 24, 1927.

25,216 votes to none: See Glen Jeansonne, Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta, pp. 71-72; T. Harry Williams, Huey Long Huey Long, pp. 539-540, 589-590.

Once the Board of Liquidation: Interview with Otis Alexander, secretary of the Board of Liquidation, January 25, 1996.

"I'd never have come": Interview with Betty Carter, November 25, 1993.

"merged": NOT-P NOT-P, June 24, 1928.

the flood killed him: interview with Pearl Amos, February 12, 1993.

its board reelected Butler: NOT-P NOT-P, January 22 and February 20, 1931.

"I know absolutely nothing": NOI NOI, May 11, 1939.

A Mississippi grand jury declined: NOT-P, NOI NOT-P, NOI, and NOT NOT, May 11 and 12, 1939.

Russell Long, Huey's son: Interview with Russell Long, April 4, 1996.

"[The] social system excludes": Task Force on the Economy, "The Economy," Framework for the Future Framework for the Future, vol. 2 (New Orleans: Goals to Grow, 1971), p. 207, quoted in Raabe, "Status and Its Impact," Ph.D. diss., p. 189.

"The long-established New Orleans": Raabe, p. 162.

not a single bank president: Interview with Francis Doyle, former president of First National Bank of Commerce, December 23, 1992.

CHAPTER T THIRTY-FIVE.

"as a form of contribution": Moton to Hoover, August, 7, 1928, HHPL.

"Hoover said that": Quoted in Lisio, p. 98.

"that the right type": Moton to Hoover, June 22, 1928, RRMP.

a deal known to Hoover: For details on Howard, see Lisio, esp. pp. 50-71.

"uncertainty in many sections": Barnett and Holsey, "Report of Survey of Sentiment Among Negro Voters," July 18, 1928, CBP.

"You, more than any": Barnett to George Brennan, July 20, 1928, CBP.

"I am out-and-out": Prattis to Barnett, July 18, 1928, CBP.

Hoover lost an estimated 15 percent: Harold Gosnell, Negro Politicians Negro Politicians, pp. 28-30.

"Democrats made deeper inroads": Henry Moon, Balance of Power: The Negro Vote Balance of Power: The Negro Vote, p. 49.

"a competent woman": See memo of July 3, 1929, filed under Moton and "Farm Matters," HHPL; memo of January 15, 1930, Moton and Colored Question file, HHPL; see also January 1, 1930, to April 30, 1930, Moton file, HHPL.

"your personal concern": Moton to Hoover, March 9, 1931, RRMP.

"repugnant to all": Quoted in Lisio, p. 248.

if Roosevelt "has done anything": Quoted in Lisio, p. 269.

the Red Cross was still feeding: GD-T GD-T, March 1, 1928.

Every Sat.u.r.day night: Interview with Sylvia Jackson.

"A great deal of labor": Alex Scott to Johnston, July 4, 1927, D&PLCP.

"The most serious thing": LP to L. A. Downs, September 10, 1927, PFP. Percy routinely provided such information to senior executives of banks, brokerage houses, and the like; his a.s.sessments represented cold business judgments, not rhetoric.

"Labor was completely": Report to shareholders, April 1, 1928, D&PLCP.

"the Great Migration": E. Marvin Goodwin, Black Migration in America from 1915-1960 Black Migration in America from 1915-1960, p. 10; see also C. Horace Hamilton, "The Negro Leaves the South," pp. 273-295; Carter Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration A Century of Negro Migration.

In the 1930s the exodus: Simon Kuznets et al., Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, United States, 1870-1950: Demographic a.n.a.lysis and Interrelations Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, United States, 1870-1950: Demographic a.n.a.lysis and Interrelations (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1964), vol. 1, pp. 88-99; vol. 3, p. 106. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1964), vol. 1, pp. 88-99; vol. 3, p. 106.

"I never expected": Quoted in Wyatt-Brown, p. 256.

"I am happy": Hoover to LP, November 12, 1929, PFP.

"even if only on": John Sharp Williams to LP, December 21, 1929, PFP.

"No matter what": Interview with Moses Mason, March 1, 1993.

"One of the pleasantest": Percy, LL LL, pp. 344-345.

at a cost of $25,000: Wyatt-Brown, p. 258.

his personal checkbook balance: See checkbook ledger in PFP.

"Hypocrisy is the pet": LP to Pat Harrison, August 24, 1928, PFP.

"he had to leave often": Percy, LL LL, p. ix.

"the most ideologically": Oral history of Walker Percy, MDAH.

"To furnish [j.a.pan]": WAP to Oscar Bledsoe, June 7, 1940; WAP to Billy Wynn, June 22, 1940, D&PLCP.

Will offered to help: Cohn, Where I Was Born and Raised Where I Was Born and Raised, pp. 270-293 pa.s.sim.

"Their virtues": Oral history of Shelby Foote, MDAH.

"If the negroes": WAP to Johnston, February 22, 1937, D&PLCP.

he fired her: Wyatt-Brown, pp. 265-267; see also Percy, LL LL, pp. 285-297 pa.s.sim.

"I got to take": Interview with David Cober, February 23, 1993; Cober, a black man, drove for Billy Wynn. Mrs. Millie Commodore, the daughter of John McMiller, spoke of constant rumors of Will having affairs with black drivers. Four other people in separate interviews reported rumors of an affair Will had with Ford Atkins, but they insisted upon anonymity.

"My country is": Percy, LL LL, p. 3.

"The old Southern way": Ibid., pp. 312, 343.

"I wish a few others": Ibid., p. 346.

"I know that": Ibid., p. 347.

APPENDIX.

Hoover refused to nominate: Arthur Morgan, Dams and Other Disasters Dams and Other Disasters, p. 211.

The cutoffs worked: William Elam, Speeding Floods to the Sea Speeding Floods to the Sea, p. 83; interview with Newman Bolls, for more than twenty years engineer for the Mississippi Levee Board, February 22, 1993.

measured the flow there: HFCCH, p. 2869; a.s.sociation of Railway Engineers, The Flood of 1927 The Flood of 1927, pamphlet, NOCA.

304 miles of those levees: Interview with Stan McAlpin, Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg office, July 25, 1996.

"the inevitable consequence": HFCCH, p. 2881.

Selected Bibliography MAJOR C COLLECTIONS OF P PRIMARY S SOURCES.

CHICAGO H HISTORICAL S SOCIETY.

Claude Barnett Collection

WINSTON C CHURCHILL M MEMORIAL AND L LIBRARY, WESTMINSTER.

COLLEGE, FULTON, MISSOURI.

Eads Letters

DELTA S STATE U UNIVERSITY L LIBRARY, CLEVELAND, MISSISSIPPI.

Walter Sillers Jr. Papers