The Spirit of American Government Part 16

[Footnote 41: Fiske, The Critical Period of American History, p. 328.]

[Footnote 42: McMaster, With the Fathers, p. 71.]

[Footnote 43: Elliot's Debates, Vol. I, p. 423.]

[Footnote 44: Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, p. 12.]

[Footnote 45: The vote in Ma.s.sachusetts was 187 to 168 in favor of ratification; in New York, 30 to 27; in Virginia, 89 to 79.]

[Footnote 46: No. 81.]

[Footnote 47: The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, Ch. x.x.xII.]

[Footnote 48: _Ibid._]

[Footnote 49: Roosevelt in 1904 received less than 56.4 per cent. of the total popular vote.]

[Footnote 50: In 1904 Roosevelt carried thirty-two states--two more than two-thirds.]

[Footnote 51: Poore, Charters and Const.i.tutions.]

[Footnote 52: A. Lawrence Lowell, Essays on Government, p. 40.]

[Footnote 53: _The Federalist_, No. 78.]

[Footnote 54: "The object of the Act of Parliament was to secure the judges from removal at the mere pleasure of the Crown; but not to render them independent of the action of Parliament." Story, Commentaries on the Const.i.tution, Sec. 1623.]

[Footnote 55: Works (Ford's Edition), Vol. X, p. 38.]

[Footnote 56: Cf. supra p. 21.]

[Footnote 57: The Jeffersonian System, pp. 112-113.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to Hamilton's defence of the judicial veto, Jefferson says "If this opinion be sound, then indeed is our Const.i.tution a complete _felo de se_. For intending to establish three departments, coordinate and independent, that they might check and balance one another, it has given, according to this opinion, to one of them alone, the right to prescribe rules for the government of the others, and to that one too, which is unelected by, and independent of the nation." Ford's Edition of his works, Vol. X, p. 141.]

[Footnote 59: _The Federalist_, No. 78.]

[Footnote 60: _The Federalist_, No. 85.]

[Footnote 61: Elliot's Debates, Vol I, p. 421.]

[Footnote 62: Ibid., Vol. V, Appendix No. 5.]

[Footnote 63: Brinton c.o.xe, Judicial Power and Unconst.i.tutional Legislation, p. 165. The reader is referred to this work for a discussion of this and other cases.]

[Footnote 64: The const.i.tutions of Ma.s.sachusetts, Maryland, New Hamps.h.i.+re, North Carolina and Virginia contained provisions expressly declaring that no power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, should be exercised unless by the legislature, or by authority derived from it. The Vermont const.i.tution of 1786 also contained a similar provision.]

[Footnote 65: Commonwealth v. Caton, Hopkins and Lamb. Quoted from c.o.xe, p. 221.]

[Footnote 66: Cooley, Const.i.tutional Limitations, 6th ed., p. 193, n.

and Thorpe, A Short Const.i.tutional History of the United States, p.

238.]

[Footnote 67: Quoted in c.o.xe, Judicial Power and Unconst.i.tutional Legislation, p. 252.]

[Footnote 68: _Ibid._, p. 263.]

[Footnote 69: Burgess, Pol. Sci. and Const. Law, Vol. II, p. 364.]

[Footnote 70: Elliot's Debates, Vol. I, p. 507.]

[Footnote 71: Ibid., Vol. V, p. 429.]

[Footnote 72: Ibid., Vol. V, pp. 151, 344, 345, 346, 347.]

[Footnote 73: _Federalist_, No. 78.]

[Footnote 74: Elliot's Debates, Vol. II, p. 196.]

[Footnote 75: Elliot's Debates, Vol. II, p. 489.]

[Footnote 76: Ibid., Vol. III, p. 553.]

[Footnote 77: 3 Dallas.]

[Footnote 78: "'You have made a good Const.i.tution,' said a friend to Gouverneur Morris after the adjournment of the Convention. 'That,'

replied Morris, 'depends on how it is construed.'" Gordy, Political Parties in the United States, Vol. I, p. 114. This was clearly understood by the framers of the Const.i.tution and by all the leading Federalists.]

[Footnote 79: Rutledge, Wilson, Blair, Patterson, and Ellsworth.]

[Footnote 80: Jay, Rutledge, Wilson, Blair, Iredell, Johnson, Chase, Ellsworth, Cus.h.i.+ng, Was.h.i.+ngton, and Marshall.]

[Footnote 81: Wilson, Ellsworth, and Marshall.]

[Footnote 82: Supra, p. 89.]

[Footnote 83: Alfred Moore.]

[Footnote 84: Elliot's Debates, Vol. III, pp. 324-325.]

[Footnote 85: Political Science and Const.i.tutional Law, Vol. II, p.

365.]

[Footnote 86: Burgess, Political Science and Const.i.tutional Law, Vol.

II, p. 365.]

[Footnote 87: Infra, pp. 119-122.]

[Footnote 88: Boutmy, Studies in Const.i.tutional Law, pp. 117-118 (Eng.