A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia Part 10

=Granicus=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. River on the banks of which Alexander the Great first defeated the Persians, 334 B.C.; Lucullus defeated Mithridates, 74 B.C.

=Gujranwala=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Bp. of Ranjit Singh, and burial-place of his father and of himself.

=Gujrat=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs conquered by Sir Hugh Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Gulbarga=, Haidarabad. 17N. 77E. Taken by Zafar Khan, 1347; by Mir Jumla, 1657. Contains tomb of Khwaja Band Nawaz, Mussulman saint.

=Gumush-Khaneh= ('place of silver'), Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 38E. Pasha of Trebizond defeated by Russians, 1829.

=Gutti=, Madras. 15N. 78E. Res. of Morari Rao. Fell to Hyder Ali, 1775; British possession, 1800.

=Gwalior=, Central India. 26N. 78E. Contains palace of Man Singh, f. 1486, and Victoria College; also tombs of Sheik Mohammed Ghaus and of Tan Sen.

Maharajah faithful to England, though his army rebelled during Mutiny, 1857.

=Haidarabad=, Haidarabad. 17N. 79E. Capital of the Nizam's dominions; f.

by Cuttub-Shah, 1585. Taken and plundered by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Hakata=, j.a.pan. 34N. 130E. Formerly an independent town; now forming part of Tukuoka. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East.')

=Halicarna.s.sus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Mausoleum erected here by Artemisia in honour of her husband, Mausolus. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.

=Hamadan=, Persia. 35N. 48E. F. on the site of ancient Ecbatana, containing tombs alleged to be of Mordecai and Esther, also those of Avicenna, Attar, and Abul-Hasi.

=Hamah=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Often mentioned in the Old Testament. Fell into the hands of Tancred, 1108; of Togtekin, 1115; of Saladin, 1178.

Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, was emir, 1342-54.

=Hami=, China. 43N. 94E. Described in the 'Travels of Marco Polo.'

=Hang-Chau=, China. 30N. 120E. Capital of Che-kiang. Visited by Marco Polo and Barrow. Successfully stormed by Taiping rebels, 1861; open to foreign trade and res., 1896. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Han-kau= ('Han-mouth'), China. 31N. 114E. Greatest commercial city of empire; mentioned by F. J. Little in 'The Far East.'

=Hanoi= ('within the river'), Indo-China. 21N. 106E. F. by a Chinese governor, c. 767, became capital of Annam. Citadel built in 808.

Contains a colossal Buddha, also statue to Paul Bert. French possession since 1882. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hansi=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Alleged to have been f. by Anang Pal. Seized by Masud, 1036; by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192. Contains tomb of Kulb Jamal-ud-din.

=Hanumangarh=, Rajputana. 30N. 74E. Tamerlane defeated by Dul Chand, 1398; taken by Kamran, 1549.

=Harbin=, Manchuria. 46N. 127E. Military base of Russians during Russo-j.a.panese War. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Hardwar= ('gate of Vishnu'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Famous resort of pilgrims; battle between two rival sects, 1760; terrible epidemic of cholera, 1847.

=Harnai=, Bombay. 18N. 73E. Attacked by Commodore James, 1755; captured by Colonel Kennedy, 1818.

=Hattia=, Bengal. 23N. 91E. Captured by Portuguese pirates, 1607.

Destroyed by cyclone, 1876.

=Hayil=, Arabia. 28N. 42E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hebron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially in connection with David. Traditionally supposed to have been f. by Adam. The cave of Macpelah reputed to be here, containing Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah. The tombs are shown of Ruth, Jesse, and Abner. Conquered by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1834 and 1837. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Hei-ku-tai=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Seized by the Russians, 1904.

=Herat=, Afghanistan. 34N. 62E. Foundation attributed to Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 661; by Nadir Shah, 1730; Persians defeated by British, 1837; fell to Yar Mohammed Khan, 1842; to Dost Mohammed, 1862.

(See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')

=Heshbon=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Mentioned in the Bible, and described by C. M. Doughty in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hikone=, j.a.pan. 35N. 137E. Contains remains of ancient Daimio castle.

Battle of Sekigahare fought near here, 1600.

=Hinomizaki=, j.a.pan. 35N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar j.a.pan.'

=Hissar=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. F. by Firoz Shah Tughlak, 1356; captured by the adventurer, George Thomas, 1783; mutinied 1857.

=Homs=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Aurelian conquered Zen.o.bia, 272; city captured by Saracens, 636; by Crusaders, 1099; Turks defeated by Ibrahim Pasha in command of Egyptian forces, 1832. Bp. of Heliogabalus. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Honawar=, Bombay. 14N. 74E. Visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505; captured by British, 1783, 1799.

=Hong-Kong= ('fragrant streams'), China. 22N. 114E. Occupied by British troops, 1841; ceded to Britain, 1842. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,'

Little's 'Far East.')

=Hor= ('mountain'), Arabia Petraea. 30N. 36E. Mountain on which tradition relates the death of Aaron took place.

=h.o.r.eb=, Arabia Petraea. 29N. 34E. Mountain on which Moses is said to have seen the burning bush, and to which Elijah fled from Jezebel. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Hsi-ngan= ('west tranquil city'), China. 34N. 109E. Visited by Marco Polo; contains oldest mosque in China and tablet with Chinese and Syriac inscription dating from 781. Emperor and dowager empress sought refuge here, 1900.

=Hubli= ('old village'), Bombay. 15N. 75E. Captured by Muazzam, 1685; by General Munro, 1818.

=Hue=, Indo-China. 16N. 108E. Capital of Annam; forts taken by French, 1883. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hugli=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. F. by Portuguese, 1537; besieged by Shah Jahan, 1629; Mohammedans made it royal port, 1632; East India Company established factory, 1640; destroyed by fire, 1685.

=Ida=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. Range of mountains celebrated by Homer. In them the Simois, Granicus and Scamander had their origin, and Troy lay in the valley. Supposed scene of rape of Ganymede and judgment of Paris.

=Ipsus=, Asia Minor. 39N. 31E. Seleucus and Lysimachus conquered Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, 301 B.C. or 300 B.C.

=Irkutsk=, Siberia. 52N. 104E. F. by Cossacks, 1653; proclaimed town, and first church built, 1686; government headquarters, 1736; devastated by fire, 1879. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Isker=, Siberia. 58N. 67E. Captured by Russians under Yermak, 1579.

=Ismid=, Asia Minor. 41N. 30E. Formerly capital of Bithynia under name of Nicomedia; given to the Romans by Nicomede III. Destroyed by Goths, and by earthquake, 358. Taken by Turks, 1326.

=Isnik=, Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigone. Nicene creed formed here by a council held against Arius, 325.