The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended Part 5

a?e?? ?ata se?????, t??? de e??a?t??? ?a?' ??????. ?? ?a? ??p? t?? ????, ?a? t?? ???s?? pa?a??e???e???, t? ??e?? ?ata ?', ????? ta pat??a, ??a?, ??e?a?, e??a?t???: t??t? d?e?a?? apa?te? ??? ??????e? t?? t??? e?

?e??a?t??? s?f???? a?e?? t?? ??????? ta? de ??e?a? ?a? t??? ??a? t??

se????. est? de t? e? ?a?' ?????? a?e?? t??? e??a?t???, t? pe?? ta? a?ta?

???a? t?? e??a?t?? ta? a?ta? ??s?a? t??? ?e??? ep?te?e??a?, ?a? t?? e?

ea????? ??s?a? d?a pa?t?? ?ata t? ea? s??te?e??a?? t?? de ?e?????, ?ata t?

?e???? ?????? de ?a? ?ata t??? ???p??? ?a????? t?? et??? ta? a?ta? ??s?a?

p?pte??. ???t? ?a? ??pe?a?? p??s??e?, ?a? ?e?a??se??? e??a? t??? ?e???.

???t? d' a???? ??? a? d??a?t? ?e?es?a?, e? ? ?a? t??pa?, ?a? ?a? ?s?e??a?

pe?? t??? a?t??? t?p??? ???????t?. ?? de ?ata se????? a?e?? ta? ??e?a?, t????t?? est?? t? a???????? t??? t?? se????? f?t?s??? ta? p??s?????a? t??

??e??? ???es?a?. ap? ?a? t?? t?? se????? f?t?s?? ?a? p??s?????a? t??

??e??? ?at???as??sa?. ?? ??? e? ?a? ??e?a? ?ea ?? se???? fa??eta?, ?ata s??a???f?? ?e????a p??s????e???? e? ??? de ??e?a? t?? de?te?a? fas??

p??e?ta?, de?te?a? p??s????e?sa?? t?? de ?ata es?? t?? ???? ????e???

fas?? t?? se?????, ap? a?t?? t?? s?a????t?? d??????a? e?a?esa?. ?a?

?a????? de pasa? ta? ??e?a? ap? t?? t?? se????? f?t?sat?? p??s???asa?.

???e? ?a? t?? t??a??st?? t?? ???? ??e?a? es?at?? ??sa? ap? a?t?? t??

s?a????t?? t??a?ada e?a?esa?. _Propositum enim fuit veteribus, menses quidem agere secundum Lunam, annos vero secundum Solem. Quod enim a legibus & Oraculis praecipiebatur, ut sacrificarent secundum tria, videlicet patria, menses, dies, annos; hoc ita distincte faciebant universi Graeci, ut annos agerent congruenter c.u.m Sole, dies vero & menses c.u.m Luna. Porro secundum Solem annos agere, est circa easdem tempestates anni eadem sacrificia Diis perfici, & vernum sacrificium semper in vere consummari, aestivum autem in aestate: similiter & in reliquis anni temporibus eadem sacrificia cadere.

Hoc enim putabant acceptum & gratum esse Diis. Hoc autem aliter fieri non posset nisi conversiones solst.i.tiales & aequinoctia in iisdem Zodiaci locis fierent. Secundum Lunam vero dies agere est tale ut congruant c.u.m Lunae illuminationibus appellationes dierum. Nam a Lunae illuminationibus appellationes dierum sunt denominatae. In qua enim die Luna apparet nova, ea per Synalphen, seu compositionem ?e????a id est, Novilunium appellatur.

In qua vero die secundam facit apparitionem, eam secundam Lunam vocarunt.

Apparitionem Lunae quae circa medium mensis fit, ab ipso eventu d??????a?, id est medietatem mensis nominarunt. Ac summatim, omnes dies a Lunae illuminationibus denominarunt. Unde etiam tricesimam mensis diem, c.u.m ultima sit, ab ipso eventu t??a?ada vocarunt_.

The ancient Calendar year of the _Greeks_ consisted therefore of twelve Lunar months, and every month of thirty days: and these years and months they corrected from time to time, by the courses of the Sun and Moon, omitting a day or two in the month, as often as they found the month too long for the course of the Moon; and adding a month to the year, as often as they found the twelve Lunar months too short for the return of the four seasons. _Cleobulus_, [52] one of the seven wise men of _Greece_, alluded to this year of the _Greeks_, in his Parable of one father who had twelve sons, each of which had thirty daughters half white and half black: and _Thales_ [53] called the last day of the month t??a?ada, the thirtieth: and _Solon_ counted the ten last days of the month backward from the thirtieth, calling that day e??? ?a? ?ea?, the old and the new, or the last day of the old month and the first day of the new: for he introduced months of 29 and 30 days alternately, making the thirtieth day of every other month to be the first day of the next month.

To the twelve Lunar months [54] the ancient _Greeks_ added a thirteenth, every other year, which made their _Dieteris_; and because this reckoning made their year too long by a month in eight years, they omitted an intercalary month once in eight years, which made their _Octaeteris_, one half of which was their _Tetraeteris_: And these Periods seem to have been almost as old as the religions of _Greece_, being used in divers of their _Sacra_. The [55] _Octaeteris_ was the _Annus magnus_ of _Cadmus_ and _Minos_, and seems to have been brought into _Greece_ and _Crete_ by the _Phnicians_, who came thither with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_, and to have continued 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: for in counting the length of seventy years [56], he reckons thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve such months, or 360 days, to the ordinary year, without the intercalary months, and 25 such months to the _Dieteris_: and according to the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Greeks_, _Demetrius Phalereus_ had 360 Statues erected to him by the _Athenians_. But the _Greeks_, _Cleostratus_, _Harpalus_, and others, to make their months agree better with the course of the Moon, in the times of the _Persian_ Empire, varied the manner of intercaling the three months in the _Octaeteris_; and _Meton_ found out the Cycle of intercaling seven months in nineteen years.

The Ancient year of the _Latines_ was also Luni-solar; for _Plutarch_ [57]

tells us, that the year of _Numa_ consisted of twelve Lunar months, with intercalary months to make up what the twelve Lunar months wanted of the Solar year. The Ancient year of the _Egyptians_ was also Luni-solar, and continued to be so 'till the days of _Hyperion_, or _Osiris_, a King of _Egypt_, the father of _Helius_ and _Selene_, or _Orus_ and _Bubaste_: For the _Israelites_ brought this year out of _Egypt_; and _Diodorus_ tells [58] us that _Oura.n.u.s_ the father of _Hyperion_ used this year, and [59]

that in the Temple of _Osiris_ the Priests appointed thereunto filled 360 Milk Bowls every day: I think he means one Bowl every day, in all 360, to count the number of days in the Calendar year, and thereby to find out the difference between this and the true Solar year: for the year of 360 days was the year, to the end of which they added five days.

That the _Israelites_ used the Luni-solar year is beyond question. Their months began with their new Moons. Their first month was called _Abib_, from the earing of Corn in that month. Their Pa.s.sover was kept upon the fourteenth day of the first month, the Moon being then in the full: and if the Corn was not then ripe enough for offering the first Fruits, the Festival was put off, by adding an intercalary month to the end of the year; and the harvest was got in before the Pentecost, and the other Fruits gathered before the Feast of the seventh month.

_Simplicius_ in his commentary [60] on the first of _Aristotle_'s _Physical Acroasis_, tells us, that _some begin the year upon the Summer Solstice, as the People of _Attica_; or upon the Autumnal Equinox, as the People of _Asia_; or in Winter, as the _Romans_; or about the Vernal Equinox, as the _Arabians_ and People of _Damascus_: and the month began, according to some, upon the Full Moon, or upon the New._ The years of all these Nations were therefore Luni-solar, and kept to the four Seasons: and the _Roman_ year began at first in Spring, as I seem to gather from the Names of their Months, _Quintilis_, _s.e.xtilis_, _September_, _October_, _November_, _December_: and the beginning was afterwards removed to Winter. The ancient civil year of the _a.s.syrians_ and _Babylonians_ was also Luni-solar: for this year was also used by the _Samaritans_, who came from several parts of the _a.s.syrian_ Empire; and the _Jews_ who came from _Babylon_ called the months of their Luni-solar year after the Names of the months of the _Babylonian_ year: and _Berosus_ [61] tells us that the _Babylonians_ celebrated the Feast _Sacaea_ upon the 16th day of the month _Lous_, which was a Lunar month of the _Macedonians_, and kept to one and the same Season of the year: and the _Arabians_, a Nation who peopled _Babylon_, use Lunar months to this day. _Suidas_ [62] tells us, that the _Sarus_ of the _Chaldeans_ contains 222 Lunar months, which are eighteen years, consisting each of twelve Lunar months, besides six intercalary months: and when [63]

_Cyrus_ cut the River _Gindus_ into 360 Channels, he seems to have alluded unto the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Medes_ and _Persians_: and the Emperor _Julian_ [64] writes, _For when all other People, that I may say it in one word, accommodate their months to the course of the Moon, we alone with the _Egyptians_ measure the days of the year by the course of the Sun._

At length the _Egyptians_, for the sake of Navigation, applied themselves to observe the Stars; and by their Heliacal Risings and Settings found the true Solar year to be five days longer than the Calendar year, and therefore added five days to the twelve Calendar months; making the Solar year to consist of twelve months and five days. _Strabo_ [65] and [66]

_Diodorus_ ascribe this invention to the _Egyptians_ of _Thebes_. _The _Theban_ Priests_, saith _Strabo_, _are above others said to be Astronomers and Philosophers. They invented the reckoning of days not by the course of the Moon, but by the course of the Sun. To twelve months each of thirty days they add yearly five days._ In memory of this Emendation of the year they dedicated the [67] five additional days to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_, and _Nephthe_ the wife of _Typhon_, feigning that those days were added to the year when these five Princes were born, that is, in the Reign of _Oura.n.u.s_, or _Ammon_, the father of _Sesac_: and in [68] the Sepulchre of _Amenophis_, who Reigned soon after, they placed a Golden Circle of 365 cubits in compa.s.s, and divided it into 365 equal parts, to represent all the days in the year, and noted upon each part the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars on that day; which Circle remained there 'till the invasion of _Egypt_ by _Cambyses_ King of _Persia_. 'Till the Reign of _Oura.n.u.s_, the father of _Hyperion_, and grandfather of _Helius_ and _Selene_, the _Egyptians_ used the old Lunisolar year: but in his Reign, that is, in the Reign of _Ammon_, the father of _Osiris_ or _Sesac_, and grandfather of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_, the _Thebans_ began to apply themselves to Navigation and Astronomy, and by the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars determined the length of the Solar year; and to the old Calendar year added five days, and dedicated them to his five children above mentioned, as their birth days: and in the Reign of _Amenophis_, when by further Observations they had sufficiently determined the time of the Solstices, they might place the beginning of this new year upon the Vernal Equinox. This year being at length propagated into _Chaldaea_, gave occasion to the year of _Nabona.s.sar_; for the years of _Nabona.s.sar_ and those of _Egypt_ began on one and the same day, called by them _Thoth_, and were equal and in all respects the same: and the first year of _Nabona.s.sar_ began on the 26th day of _February_ of the old _Roman_ year, seven hundred forty and seven years before the Vulgar _aera_ of _Christ_, and thirty and three days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's mean motion; for it is not likely that the Equation of the Sun's motion should be known in the infancy of Astronomy. Now reckoning that the year of 365 days wants five hours and 49 minutes of the Equinoctial year; the beginning of this year will move backwards thirty and three days and five hours in 137 years: and by consequence this year began at first in _Egypt_ upon the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's mean motion, 137 years before the _aera_ of _Nabona.s.sar_ began; that is, in the year of the _Julian_ Period 3830, or 96 years after the death of _Solomon_: and if it began upon the next day after the Vernal Equinox, it might begin four years earlier; and about that time ended the Reign of _Amenophis_: for he came not from _Susa_ to the _Trojan_ war, but died afterwards in _Egypt_. This year was received by the _Persian_ Empire from the _Babylonian_; and the _Greeks_ also used it in the _aera Philippaea_, dated from the Death of _Alexander_ the great; and _Julius Caesar_ corrected it, by adding a day in every four years, and made it the year of the _Romans_.

_Syncellus_ tells us, that the five days were added to the old year by the last King of the Shepherds: and the difference in time between the Reign of this King, and that of _Ammon_, is but small; for the Reign of the Shepherds ended but one Generation, or two, before _Ammon_ began to add those days. But the Shepherds minded not Arts and Sciences.

The first month of the Luni-solar year, by reason of the Intercalary month, began sometimes a week or a fortnight before the Equinox or Solstice, and sometimes as much after it. And this year gave occasion to the first Astronomers, who formed the _Asterisms_, to place the Equinoxes and Solstices in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, _Chelae_, and _Capricorn_. _Achilles Tatius_ [69] tells us, that _some antiently placed the Solstice in the beginning of _Cancer_, others in the eighth degree of _Cancer_, others about the twelfth degree, and others about the fifteenth degree thereof._ This variety of opinions proceeded from the precession of the Equinox, then not known to the _Greeks_. When the Sphere was first formed, the Solstice was in the fifteenth degree or middle of the Constellation of _Cancer_: then it came into the twelfth, eighth, fourth, and first degree successively. _Eudoxus_, who flourished about sixty years after _Meton_, and an hundred years before _Aratus_, in describing the Sphere of the Ancients, placed the Solstices and Equinoxes in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, _Chelae_, and _Capricorn_, as is affirmed by [70] _Hipparchus Bithynus_; and appears also by the Description of the Equinoctial and Tropical Circles in _Aratus_, [71] who copied after _Eudoxus_; and by the positions of the _Colures_ of the Equinoxes and Solstices, which in the Sphere of _Eudoxus_, described by _Hipparchus_, went through the middles of those Constellations. For _Hipparchus_ tells us, that _Eudoxus_ drew the _Colure_ of the Solstices, through the middle of the _great Bear_, and the middle of _Cancer_, and the neck of _Hydrus_, and the Star between the p.o.o.p and Mast of _Argo_, and the Tayl of the _South Fish_, and through the middle of _Capricorn_, and of _Sagitta_, and through the neck and right wing of the _Swan_, and the left hand of _Cepheus_; and that he drew the Equinoctial _Colure_, through the left hand of _Arctophylax_, and along the middle of his Body, and cross the middle of _Chelae_, and through the right hand and fore-knee of the _Centaur_, and through the flexure of _Erida.n.u.s_ and head of _Cetus_, and the back of _Aries_ a-cross, and through the head and right hand of _Perseus_.

Now _Chiron_ delineated s??ata ???p?? the _Asterisms_, as the ancient Author of _Gigantomachia_, cited by [72] _Clemens Alexandrinus_ informs us: for _Chiron_ was a practical Astronomer, as may be there understood also of his daughter _Hippo_: and _Musaeus_, the son of _Eumolpus_ and master of _Orpheus_, and one of the _Argonauts_, [73] made a Sphere, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who made one: and the Sphere it self shews that it was delineated in the time of the _Argonautic_ expedition; for that expedition is delineated in the _Asterisms_, together with several other ancienter Histories of the _Greeks_, and without any thing later. There's the golden _RAM_, the ensign of the Vessel in which _Phryxus_ fled to _Colchis_; the _BULL_ with brazen hoofs tamed by _Jason_; and the _TWINS_, _CASTOR_ and _POLLUX_, two of the _Argonauts_, with the _SWAN_ of _Leda_ their mother. There's the s.h.i.+p _ARGO_, and _HYDRUS_ the watchful Dragon; with _Medea_'s _CUP_, and a _RAVEN_ upon its Carca.s.s, the Symbol of Death.

There's _CHIRON_ the master of _Jason_, with his _ALTAR_ and _SACRIFICE_.

There's the _Argonaut_ _HERCULES_ with his _DART_ and _VULTURE_ falling down; and the _DRAGON_, _CRAB_ and _LION_, whom he slew; and the _HARP_ of the _Argonaut_ _Orpheus_. All these relate to the _Argonauts_. There's _ORION_ the son of _Neptune_, or as some say, the grandson of _Minos_, with his _DOGS_, and _HARE_, and _RIVER_, and _SCORPION_. There's the story of _Perseus_ in the Constellations of _PERSEUS_, _ANDROMEDA_, _CEPHEUS_, _Ca.s.sIOPEA_ and _CETUS_: That of _Callisto_, and her son _Arcas_, in _URSA MAJOR_ and _ARCTOPHYLAX_: That of _Icareus_ and his daughter _Erigone_ in _BOOTES_, _PLAUSTRUM_ and _VIRGO_. _URSA MINOR_ relates to one of the Nurses of _Jupiter_, _AURIGA_ to _Erechthonius_, _OPHIUCHUS_ to _Phorbas_, _SAGITTARIUS_ to _Crolus_ the son of the Nurse of the Muses, _CAPRICORN_ to _Pan_, and _AQUARIUS_ to _Ganimede_. There's _Ariadne_'s _CROWN_, _Bellerophon_'s _HORSE_, _Neptune_'s _DOLPHIN_, _Ganimede_'s _EAGLE_, _Jupiter_'s _GOAT_ with her _KIDS_, _Bacchus_'s _a.s.sES_, and the _FISHES_ of _Venus_ and _Cupid_, and their Parent the _SOUTH FISH_. These with _DELTOTON_, are the old Constellations mentioned by _Aratus_: and they all relate to the _Argonauts_ and their Contemporaries, and to Persons one or two Generations older: and nothing later than that Expedition was delineated there Originally. _ANTINOUS_ and _COMA BERENICES_ are novel. The Sphere seems therefore to have been formed by _Chiron_ and _Musaeus_, for the use of the _Argonauts_: for the s.h.i.+p _Argo_ was the first long s.h.i.+p built by the _Greeks_. Hitherto they had used round vessels of burden, and kept within sight of the sh.o.r.e; and now, upon an Emba.s.sy to several Princes upon the coasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ Seas, [74] by the dictates of the Oracle, and consent of the Princes of _Greece_, the Flower of _Greece_ were to sail with Expedition through the deep, in a long s.h.i.+p with Sails, and guide their s.h.i.+p by the Stars. The People of the Island _Corcyra_ [75] attributed the invention of the Sphere to _Nausicaa_, the daughter of _Alcinous_, King of the _Pheaces_ in that Island: and it's most probable that she had it from the _Argonauts_, who [76] in their return home sailed to that Island, and made some stay there with her father. So then in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, the Cardinal points of the Equinoxes and Solstices were in the middles of the Constellations of _Aries_, _Cancer_, _Chelae_, and _Capricorn_.

In the end of the year of our Lord 1689 the Star called _Prima Arietis_ was in [Aries]. 28. 51'. 00", with North Lat.i.tude 7. 8'. 58". And the Star called _ultima caudae Arietis_ was in [Taurus]. 19. 3'. 42", with North Lat.i.tude 2. 34'. 5". And the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing through the point in the middle between those two Stars did then cut the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6. 44': and by this reckoning the Equinox in the end of the year 1689 was gone back 36. 44'. since the _Argonautic_ Expedition: Supposing that the said _Colure_ pa.s.sed through the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_, according to the delineation of the Ancients. The Equinox goes back fifty seconds in one year, and one degree in seventy and two years, and by consequence 36. 44'. in 2645 years, which counted back from the end of the year of our Lord 1689, or beginning of the year 1690, will place the _Argonautic_ Expedition about 25 years after the Death of _Solomon_: but it is not necessary that the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_ should be exactly in the middle between the two Stars called _prima Arietis_ and _ultima Caudae_: and it may be better to fix the Cardinal points by the Stars, through which the _Colures_ pa.s.sed in the primitive Sphere, according to the description of _Eudoxus_ above recited. By the _Colure_ of the Equinoxes, I mean a great Circle pa.s.sing through the Poles of the Equator, and cutting the Ecliptic in the Equinoxes in an Angle of 66 degrees, the complement of the Sun's greatest Declination; and by the _Colure_ of the Solstices I mean a great Circle pa.s.sing through the same Poles, and cutting the Ecliptic at right Angles in the Solstices: and by the Primitive Sphere, that which was in use before the motions of the Equinoxes and Solstices were known: now the _Colures_ pa.s.sed through the following Stars according to _Eudoxus_.

In the back of _Aries_ is a Star of the sixth magnitude, marked ? by _Bayer_: in the end of the year 1689, and beginning of the year 1690, its Longitude was [Taurus]. 9. 38'. 45", and North Lat.i.tude 6. 7'. 56": and the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ drawn though it, according to _Eudoxus_, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6. 58'. 57". In the head of _Cetus_ are two Stars of the fourth Magnitude, called ? and ? by _Bayer_: in the end of the year 1689 their Longitudes were [Taurus]. 4. 3'. 9". and [Taurus]. 3. 7'.

37", and their South Lat.i.tudes 9. 12'. 26". and 5. 53'. 7"; and the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing in the mid way between them, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6. 58'. 51". In the extreme flexure of _Erida.n.u.s_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, of late referred to the breast of _Cetus_, and called ? by _Bayer_; it is the only Star in _Erida.n.u.s_ through which this _Colure_ can pa.s.s; its Longitude, in the end of the year 1689, was [Aries]. 25. 22'. 10". and South Lat.i.tude 25. 15'.

50". and the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing through it, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 7. 12'. 40". In the head of _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called t by _Bayer_; the Longitude of this Star, in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus]. 23. 25'. 30", and North Lat.i.tude 34. 20'. 12": and the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing through it, cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6. 18'. 57". In the right hand of _Perseus_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called ?

by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the year 1689, was [Taurus]. 24.

25'. 27", and North Lat.i.tude 37. 26'. 50": and the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing through it cuts the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 4. 56'. 40": and the fifth part of the summ of the places in which these five _Colures_ cut the Ecliptic, is [Taurus]. 6. 29'. 15": and therefore the Great Circle which in the Primitive Sphere according to _Eudoxus_, and by consequence in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition, was the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ pa.s.sing through the Stars above described; did in the end of the year 1689, cut the Ecliptic in [Taurus]. 6. 29'. 15": as nearly as we have been able to determin by the Observations of the Ancients, which were but coa.r.s.e.

In the middle of _Cancer_ is the _South Asellus_, a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called by _Bayer_ d; its Longitude in the end of the year 1689, was [Leo]. 4. 23'. 40". In the neck of _Hydrus_, rightly delineated, is a Star of the fourth Magnitude, called d by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the year 1689, was [Leo]. 5. 59'. 3". Between the p.o.o.p and mast of the s.h.i.+p _Argo_ is a Star of the third Magnitude, called ? by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of that year, was [Leo]. 7. 5'. 31". In _Sagitta_ is a Star of the sixth Magnitude, called ? by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the same year 1689, was [Aquarius]. 6. 29'. 53". In the middle of _Capricorn_ is a Star of the fifth Magnitude, called ? by _Bayer_; its Longitude in the end of the same year was [Aquarius]. 8. 25'. 55": and the fifth part of the summ of the three first Longitudes, and of the complements of the two last to 180 Degrees; is [Leo]. 6. 28'. 46". This is the new Longitude of the old _Colurus Solst.i.tiorum_ pa.s.sing through these Stars. The same _Colurus_ pa.s.ses also in the middle between the Stars ? and ?, of the fourth and fifth Magnitudes, in the neck of the _Swan_; being distant from each about a Degree: it pa.s.seth also by the Star ?, of the fourth Magnitude, in the right wing of the _Swan_; and by the Star ?, of the fifth Magnitude, in the left hand of _Cepheus_, rightly delineated; and by the Stars in the tail of the _South-Fish_; and is at right angles with the _Colurus aequinoctiorum_ found above: and so it hath all the characters, of the _Colurus Solst.i.tiorum_ rightly drawn.

The two _Colures_ therefore, which in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition cut the Ecliptic in the Cardinal Points, did in the end of the year 1689 cut it in [Taurus]. 6. 29'; [Leo]. 6. 29'; [Scorpio]. 6. 29'; and [Aquarius]. 6. 29'; that is, at the distance of 1 Sign, 6 Degrees and 29 Minutes from the Cardinal Points of _Chiron_; as nearly as we have been able to determin from the coa.r.s.e observations of the Ancients: and therefore the Cardinal Points, in the time between that Expedition and the end of the year 1689, have gone back from those _Colures_ one Sign, 6 Degrees and 29 Minutes; which, after the rate of 72 years to a Degree, answers to 2627 years. Count those years backwards from the end of the year 1689, or beginning of the year 1690, and the reckoning will place the _Argonautic_ Expedition, about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_.

By the same method the place of any Star in the Primitive Sphere may readily be found, counting backwards one Sign, 6. 29'. from the Longitude which it had in the end of the year of our Lord 1689. So the Longitude of the first Star of _Aries_ in the end of the year 1689 was [Aries]. 28.

51'. as above: count backward 1 Sign, 6. 29'. and its Longitude, counted from the Equinox in the middle of the Constellation of _Aries_, in the time of the _Argonautic_ expedition, will be [Pisces]. 22. 22': and by the same way of arguing, the Longitude of the _Lucida Pleiadum_ in the time of the _Argonautic_ Expedition will be [Aries]. 19. 26'. 8": and the Longitude of _Arcturus_ [Virgo]. 13. 24'. 52": and so of any other Stars.

After the _Argonautic_ Expedition we hear no more of Astronomy 'till the days of _Thales_: He [77] revived Astronomy, and wrote a book of the Tropics and Equinoxes, and predicted Eclipses; and _Pliny_ [78] tells us, that he determined the _Occasus Matutinus_ of the _Pleiades_ to be upon the 25th day after the Autumnal Equinox: and thence [79] _Petavius_ computes the Longitude of the _Pleiades_ in [Aries]. 23. 53': and by consequence the _Lucida Pleiadum_ had, since the _Argonautic_ Expedition, moved from the Equinox 4. 26'. 52": and this motion, after the rate of 72 years to a Degree, answers to 320 years: count these years back from the time in which _Thales_ was a young man fit to apply himself to Astronomical Studies, that is from about the 41st Olympiad, and the reckoning will place the _Argonautic_ Expedition about 44 years after the death of _Solomon_, as above: and in the days of _Thales_, the Solstices and Equinoxes, by this reckoning, will have been in the middle of the eleventh Degrees of the Signs. But _Thales_, in publis.h.i.+ng his book about the Tropics and Equinoxes, might lean a little to the opinion of former Astronomers, so as to place them in the twelfth Degrees of the Signs.

_Meton_ and _Euctemon_, [80] in order to publish the Lunar Cycle of nineteen years, observed the Summer Solstice in the year of _Nabona.s.sar_ 316, the year before the _Peloponnesian_ war began; and _Columella_ [81]

tells us that they placed it in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, which is at least seven Degrees backwarder than at first. Now the Equinox, after the rate of a Degree in Seventy and two years, goes backwards seven Degrees in 504 years: count backwards those years from the 316th year of _Nabona.s.sar_, and the _Argonautic_ Expedition will fall upon the 44th year after the death of _Solomon_, or thereabout, as above. And thus you see the truth of what we cited above out of _Achilles Tatius_; viz. that some anciently placed the Solstice in the eighth Degree of _Cancer_, others about the twelfth Degree, and others about the fifteenth Degree thereof.

_Hipparchus_ the great Astronomer, comparing his own Observations with those of former Astronomers, concluded first of any man, that the Equinoxes had a motion backwards in respect of the fixt Stars: and his opinion was, that they went backwards one Degree in about an hundred years. He made his observations of the Equinoxes between the years of _Nabona.s.sar_ 586 and 618: the middle year is 602, which is 286 years after the aforesaid observation of _Meton_ and _Euctemon_; and in these years the Equinox must have gone backwards four degrees, and so have been in the fourth Degree of _Aries_ in the days of _Hipparchus_, and by consequence have then gone back eleven Degrees since the _Argonautic_ Expedition; that is, in 1090 years, according to the Chronology of the ancient _Greeks_ then in use: and this is after the rate of about 99 years, or in the next round number an hundred years to a Degree, as was then stated by _Hipparchus_. But it really went back a Degree in seventy and two years, and eleven Degrees in 792 years: count these 792 years backward from the year of _Nabona.s.sar,_ 602, the year from which we counted the 286 years, and the reckoning will place the _Argonautic_ Expedition about 43 years after the death of _Solomon_. The _Greeks_ have therefore made the _Argonautic_ Expedition about three hundred years ancienter than the truth, and thereby given occasion to the opinion of the great _Hipparchus_, that the Equinox went backward after the rate of only a Degree in an hundred years.

_Hesiod_ tells us that sixty days after the winter Solstice the Star _Arcturus_ rose just at Sunset: and thence it follows that _Hesiod_ flourished about an hundred years after the death of _Solomon_, or in the Generation or Age next after the _Trojan_ war, as _Hesiod_ himself declares.

From all these circ.u.mstances, grounded upon the coa.r.s.e observations of the ancient Astronomers, we may reckon it certain that the _Argonautic_ Expedition was not earlier than the Reign of _Solomon_: and if these Astronomical arguments be added to the former arguments taken from the mean length of the Reigns of Kings, according to the course of nature; from them all we may safely conclude that the _Argonautic_ Expedition was after the death of _Solomon_, and most probably that it was about 43 years after it.

The _Trojan_ War was one Generation later than that Expedition, as was said above, several Captains of the _Greeks_ in that war being sons of the _Argonauts_: and the ancient _Greeks_ reckoned _Memnon_ or _Amenophis_, King of _Egypt_, to have Reigned in the times of that war, feigning him to be the son of _t.i.thonus_ the elder brother of _Priam_, and in the end of that war to have come from _Susa_ to the a.s.sistance of _Priam_. _Amenophis_ was therefore of the same age with the elder children of _Priam_, and was with his army at _Susa_ in the last year of that war: and after he had there finished the _Memnonia_, he might return into _Egypt_, and adorn it with Buildings, and Obelisks, and Statues, and die there about 90 or 95 years after the death of _Solomon_; when he had determined and settled the beginning of the new _Egyptian_ year of 365 days upon the Vernal Equinox, so as to deserve the Monument above-mentioned in memory thereof.

_Rehoboam_ was born in the last year of King _David_, being 41 years old at the Death of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xiv. 21. and therefore his father _Solomon_ was probably born in the 18th year of King _David's_ Reign, or before: and two or three years before his Birth, _David_ besieged _Rabbah_ the Metropolis of the _Ammonites_, and committed adultery with _Bathsheba_: and the year before this siege began, _David_ vanquished the _Ammonites_, and their Confederates the _Syrians_ of _Zobah_, and _Rehob_, and _Ishtob_, and _Maacah_, and _Damascus_, and extended his Dominion over all these Nations as far as to the entring in of _Hamath_ and the River _Euphrates_: and before this war began he smote _Moab_, and _Ammon_, and _Edom_, and made the _Edomites_ fly, some of them into _Egypt_ with their King _Hadad_, then a little child; and others to the _Philistims_, where they fortified _Azoth_ against _Israel_; and others, I think, to the _Persian Gulph_, and other places whither they could escape: and before this he had several Battles with the _Philistims_: and all this was after the eighth year of his Reign, in which he came from _Hebron_ to _Jerusalem_. We cannot err therefore above two or three years, if we place this Victory over _Edom_ in the eleventh or twelfth year of his Reign; and that over _Ammon_ and the _Syrians_ in the fourteenth. After the flight of _Edom_, the King of _Edom_ grew up, and married _Tahaphenes_ or _Daphnis_, the sister of _Pharaoh_'s Queen, and before the Death of _David_ had by her a son called _Genubah_, and this son was brought up among the children of _Pharaoh_: and among these children was the chief or _first born of her mother's children_, whom _Solomon_ married in the beginning of his Reign; and her _little sister who_ at that time _had no b.r.e.a.s.t.s_, and her _brother who_ then _sucked the b.r.e.a.s.t.s of his mother_, _Cant._ vi. 9. and viii. 1, 8: and of about the same Age with these children was _Sesac_ or _Sesostris_; for he became King of _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Solomon_, 1 _Kings_ xi. 40; and before he began to Reign he warred under his father, and whilst he was very young, conquered _Arabia_, _Troglodytica_ and _Libya_, and then invaded _Ethiopia_; and succeeding his father Reigned 'till the fifth year of _Asa_: and therefore he was of about the same age with the children of _Pharaoh_ above-mentioned; and might be one of them, and be born near the end of _David_'s Reign, and be about 46 years old when he came out of _Egypt_ with a great Army to invade the East: and by reason of his great Conquests, he was celebrated in several Nations by several Names. The _Chaldaeans_ called him _Belus_, which in their Language signified _the Lord_: the _Arabians_ called him _Bacchus_, which in their Language signified _the great_: the _Phrygians_ and _Thracians_ called him _Ma-fors_, _Mavors_, _Mars_, which signified _the valiant_: and thence the _Amazons_, whom he carried from _Thrace_ and left at _Thermodon_, called themselves the daughters of _Mars_. The _Egyptians_ before his Reign called him their _Hero_ or _Hercules_; and after his death, by reason of his great works done to the River _Nile_, dedicated that River to him, and Deified him by its names _Sihor_, _Nilus_ and _aegyptus_; and the _Greeks_ hearing them lament _0 Sihor, Bou Sihor_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_.

_Arrian_ [82] tells us that the _Arabians_ wors.h.i.+pped, only two G.o.ds, _Clus_ and _Dionysus_; and that they wors.h.i.+pped _Dionysus_ for the glory of leading his Army into _India_. The _Dionysus_ of the _Arabians_ was _Bacchus_, and all agree that _Bacchus_ was the same King of _Egypt_ with _Osiris_: and the _Clus_, or _Ura.n.u.s_, or _Jupiter Uranius_ of the _Arabians_, I take to be the same King of _Egypt_ with His father _Ammon_, according to the Poet:

_Quamvis aethiopum populis, Arab.u.mque beatis_ _Gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Jupiter Ammon._

I place the end of the Reign of _Sesac_ upon the fifth year of _Asa_, because in that year _Asa_ became free from the Dominion of _Egypt_, so as to be able to fortify _Judaea_, and raise that great Army with which he met _Zerah_, and routed him. _Osiris_ was therefore slain in the fifth year of _Asa_, by his brother _j.a.petus_, whom the _Egyptians_ called _Typhon_, _Python_, and _Neptune_: and then the _Libyans_, under _j.a.petus_ and his son _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_, and raised that famous war between the G.o.ds and Giants, from whence the _Nile_ had the name of _Erida.n.u.s_: but _Orus_ the son of _Osiris_, by the a.s.sistance of the _Ethiopians_, prevailed, and Reigned 'till the 15th year of _Asa_: and then the _Ethiopians_ under _Zerah_ invaded _Egypt_, drowned _Orus_ in _Erida.n.u.s_, and were routed by _Asa_, so that _Zerah_ could not recover himself. _Zerah_ was succeeded by _Amenophis_, a youth of the Royal Family of the _Ethiopians_, and I think the son of _Zerah_: but the People of the lower _Egypt_ revolted from him, and set up _Osarsiphus_ over them, and called to their a.s.sistance a great body of men from _Phnicia_, I think a part of the Army of _Asa_; and thereupon _Amenophis_, with the remains of his father's Army of _Ethiopians_, retired from the lower _Egypt_ to _Memphis_, and there turned the River _Nile_ into a new channel, under a new bridge which he built between two Mountains; and at the same time he built and fortified that City against _Osarsiphus_, calling it by his own name, _Amenoph_ or _Memphis_: and then he retired into _Ethiopia_, and stayed there thirteen years; and then came back with a great Army, and subdued the lower _Egypt_, expelling the People which had been called in from _Phnicia_: and this I take to be the second expulsion of the Shepherds. Dr. _Castel_ [83] tells us, that in _Coptic_ this City is called _Manphtha_; whence by contraction came its Names _Moph_, _Noph_.

While _Amenophis_ staid in _Ethiopia_, _Egypt_ was in its greatest distraction: and then it was, as I conceive, that the _Greeks_ hearing thereof contrived the _Argonautic_ Expedition, and sent the flower of _Greece_ in the s.h.i.+p _Argo_ to persuade the Nations upon the Sea Coasts of the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean Seas_ to revolt from _Egypt_, and set up for themselves, as the _Libyans_, _Ethiopians_ and _Jews_ had done before.

And this is a further argument for placing that Expedition about 43 years after the Death of _Solomon_; this Period being in the middle of the distraction of _Egypt_. _Amenophis_ might return from _Ethiopia_, and conquer the lower _Egypt_ about eight years after that Expedition, and having settled his Government over it, he might, for putting a stop to the revolting of the eastern Nations, lead his Army into _Persia_, and leave _Proteus_ at _Memphis_ to govern _Egypt_ in his absence, and stay some time at _Susa_, and build the _Memnonia_, fortifying that City, as the Metropolis of his Dominion in those parts.

_Androgeus_ the son of _Minos_, upon his overcoming in the _Athenaea_, or quadrennial Games at _Athens_ in his youth, was perfidiously slain out of envy: and _Minos_ thereupon made war upon the _Athenians_, and compelled them to send every eighth year to _Crete_ seven beardless Youths, and as many young Virgins, to be given as a reward to him that should get the Victory in the like Games inst.i.tuted in _Crete_ in honour of _Androgeus_.

These Games seem to have been celebrated in the beginning of the _Octaeteris_, and the _Athenaea_ in the beginning of the _Tetraeteris_, then brought into _Crete_ and _Greece_ by the _Phnicians_ and upon the third payment of the tribute of children, that is, about seventeen years after the said war was at an end, and about nineteen or twenty years after the death of _Androgeus_, _Theseus_ became Victor, and returned from _Crete_ with _Ariadne_ the daughter of _Minos_; and coming to the Island _Naxus_ or _Dia_, [84] _Ariadne_ was there relinquished by him, and taken up by _Glaucus_, an _Egyptian_ Commander at Sea, and became the mistress of the great _Bacchus_, who at that time returned from _India_ in Triumph; and [85] by him she had two sons, _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, who were _Argonauts_.

This _Bacchus_ was caught in bed in _Phrygia_ with _Venus_ the mother of _aeneas_, according [86] to _Homer_; just before he came over the _h.e.l.lespont_, and invaded _Thrace_; and he married _Ariadne_ the daughter of _Minos_, according to _Hesiod_ [87]: and therefore by the Testimony of both _Homer_ and _Hesiod_, who wrote before the _Greeks_ and _Egyptians_ corrupted their Antiquities, this _Bacchus_ was one Generation older than the _Argonauts_; and so being King of _Egypt_ at the same time with _Sesostris_, they must be one and the same King: for they agree also in their actions; _Bacchus_ invaded _India_ and _Greece_, and after he was routed by the Army of _Perseus_, and the war was composed, the _Greeks_ did him great honours, and built a Temple to him at _Argos_, and called it the Temple of the _Cresian Bacchus_, because _Ariadne_ was buried in it, as _Pausanias_ [88] relates. _Ariadne_ therefore died in the end of the war, just before the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, that is, in the 14th year of _Rehoboam_: She was taken from _Naxus_ upon the return of _Bacchus_ from _India_, and then became the Mistress of _Bacchus_, and accompanied him in his Triumphs; and therefore the expedition of _Theseus_ to _Crete_, and the death of his father _aegeus_, was about nine or ten years after the death of _Solomon_. _Theseus_ was then a beardless young man, suppose about 19 or 20 years old, and _Androgeus_ was slain about twenty years before, being then about 20 or 22 years old; and his father _Minos_ might be about 25 years older, and so be born about the middle of _David_'s Reign, and be about 70 years old when he pursued _Daedalus_ into _Sicily_: and _Europa_ and her brother _Cadmus_ might come into _Europe_, two or three years before the birth of _Minos_.

_Justin_, in his 18th book, tells us: _A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonii navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum * * Trojanae cladis condiderunt_ And _Strabo_, [89] that _Aradus was built by the men who fled from _Zidon__. Hence [90] _Isaiah_ calls _Tyre_ _the daughter of _Zidon_, the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of _Zidon_ have replenished_: and [91] _Solomon_ in the beginning of his Reign calls the People of _Tyre_ _Zidonians_. _My Servants_, saith he, in a Message to _Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, _shall be with thy Servants, and unto thee will I give hire for thy Servants according to all that thou desirest: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like the _Zidonians__. The new Inhabitants of _Tyre_ had not yet lost the name of _Zidonians_, nor had the old Inhabitants, if there were any considerable number of them, gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing of timber, as they would have done had navigation been long in use at _Tyre_. The Artificers who came from _Zidon_ were not dead, and the flight of the _Zidonians_ was in the Reign of _David_, and by consequence in the beginning of the Reign of _Abibalus_ the father of _Hiram_, and the first King of _Tyre_ mentioned in History. _David_ in the twelfth year of his Reign conquered _Edom_, as above, and made some of the _Edomites_, and chiefly the Merchants and Seamen, fly from the _Red Sea_ to the _Philistims_ upon the _Mediterranean_, where they fortified _Azoth_. For [92] _Stepha.n.u.s_ tells us: ?a?t?? e?t?se? ?e?? t?? epa?e????t?? ap' ?????a?

?a?a.s.s?? Fe??ad??: _One of the Fugitives from the Red Sea built_ Azoth: that is, a Prince of _Edom_, who fled from _David_, fortified _Azoth_ for the _Philistims_ against him. The _Philistims_ were now grown very strong, by the access of the _Edomites_ and Shepherds, and by their a.s.sistance invaded and took _Zidon_, that being a town very convenient for the Merchants who fled from the _Red Sea_: and then did the _Zidonians_ fly by Sea to _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and to other havens in _Asia Minor_, _Greece_, and _Libya_, with which, by means of their trade, they had been acquainted before; the great wars and victories of _David_ their enemy, prompting them to fly by Sea: for [93] they went with a great mult.i.tude, not to seek _Europa_ as was pretended, but to seek new Seats, and therefore fled from their enemies: and when some of them fled under _Cadmus_ and his brothers to _Cilicia_, _Asia minor_, and _Greece_; others fled under other Commanders to seek new Seats in _Libya_, and there built many walled towns, as _Nonnus_ [94] affirms: and their leader was also there called _Cadmus_, which word signifies an eastern man, and his wife was called _Sithonis_ a _Zidonian_. Many from those Cities went afterwards with the great _Bacchus_ in his Armies: and by these things, the taking of _Zidon_, and the flight of the _Zidonians_ under _Abibalus_, _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Thasus_, _Membliarius_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, to _Tyre_, _Aradus_, _Cilicia_, _Rhodes_, _Caria_, _Bithynia_, _Phrygia_, _Calliste_, _Thasus_, _Samothrace_, _Crete_, _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the building of _Tyre_ and _Thebes_, and beginning of the Reigns of _Abibalus_ and _Cadmus_ over those Cities, are fixed upon the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign, or thereabout. By means of these Colonies of _Phnicians_, the people of _Caria_ learnt sea-affairs, in such small vessels with oars as were then in use, and began to frequent the _Greek Seas_, and people some of the Islands therein, before the Reign of _Minos_: for _Cadmus_, in coming to _Greece_, arrived first at _Rhodes_, an Island upon the borders of _Caria_, and left there a Colony of _Phnicians_, who sacrificed men to _Saturn_, and the _Telchines_ being repulsed by _Phoroneus_, retired from _Argos_ to _Rhodes_ with _Phorbas_, who purged the Island from Serpents; and _Triopas_, the son of _Phorbas_, carried a Colony from _Rhodes_ to _Caria_, and there possessed himself of a promontory, thence called _Triopium_: and by this and such like Colonies _Caria_ was furnished with s.h.i.+pping and Seamen, and called [95] _Phnice_. _Strabo_ and _Herodotus_ [96] tell us, that the _Cares_ were called _Leleges_, and became subject to _Minos_, and lived first in the Islands of the _Greek Seas_, and went thence into _Caria_, a country possest before by some of the _Leleges_ and _Pelasgi_: whence it's probable that when _Lelex_ and _Pelasgus_ came first into _Greece_ to seek new Seats, they left part of their Colonies in _Caria_ and the neighbouring Islands.

The _Zidonians_ being still possessed of the trade of the _Mediterranean_, as far westward as _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the trade of the _Red Sea_ being richer; the _Tyrians_ traded on the _Red Sea_ in conjunction with _Solomon_ and the Kings of _Judah_, 'till after the _Trojan_ war; and so also did the Merchants of _Aradus_, _Arvad_, or _Arpad_: for in the _Persian Gulph_ [97] were two Islands called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, which had Temples like the _Phnician_; and therefore the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_ sailed thither, and beyond, to the Coasts of _India_, while the _Zidonians_ frequented the _Mediterranean_: and hence it is that _Homer_ celebrates _Zidon_, and makes no mention of _Tyre_. But at length, [98] in the Reign of _Jehoram_ King of _Judah_, _Edom_ revolted from the Dominion of _Judah_, and made themselves a King; and the trade of _Judah_ and _Tyre_ upon the _Red Sea_ being thereby interrupted, the _Tyrians_ built s.h.i.+ps for merchandise upon the _Mediterranean_, and began there to make long Voyages to places not yet frequented by the _Zidonians_; some of them going to the coasts of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and building _Adrymetum_, _Carthage_, _Leptis_, _Utica_, and _Capsa_; and others going to the Coasts of _Spain_, and building _Carteia_, _Gades_ and _Tartessus_; and others going further to the _Fortunate Islands_, and to _Britain_ and _Thule_.

_Jehoram_ Reigned eight years, and the two last years was sick in his bowels, and before that sickness _Edom_ revolted, because of _Jehoram_'s wicked Reign: if we place that revolt about the middle of the first six years, it will fall upon the fifth year of _Pygmalion_ King of _Tyre_, and so was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of _Troy_: and then, by reason of this revolt, the _Tyrians_ retired from the _Red Sea_, and began long Voyages upon the _Mediterranean_; for in the seventh year of _Pygmalion_, his Sister _Dido_ sailed to the Coast of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and there built _Carthage_. This retiring of the _Tyrians_ from the _Red Sea_ to make long Voyages on the _Mediterranean_, together with the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ to the _Philistims_, gave occasion to the tradition both of the ancient _Persians_, and of the _Phnicians_ themselves, that the _Phnicians_ came originally from the _Red Sea_ to the coasts of the _Mediterranean_, and presently undertook long Voyages, as _Herodotus_ [99] relates: for _Herodotus_, in the beginning of his first book, relates that the _Phnicians_ coming from the _Red Sea_ to the _Mediterranean_, and beginning to make long Voyages with _Egyptian_ and _a.s.syrian_ wares, among other places came to _Argos_, and having sold their wares, seized and carried away into _Egypt_ some of the _Grecian_ women who came to buy them; and amongst those women was _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_. The _Phnicians_ therefore came from the _Red Sea_, in the days of _Io_ and her brother _Phoroneus_ King of _Argos_, and by consequence at that time when _David_ conquered the _Edomites_, and made them fly every way from the _Red Sea_; some into _Egypt_ with their young King, and others to the _Philistims_ their next neighbours and the enemies of _David_. And this flight gave occasion to the _Philistims_ to call many places _Erythra_, in memory of their being _Erythreans_ or _Edomites_, and of their coming from the _Erythrean_ Sea; for _Erythra_ was the name of a City in _Ionia_, of another in _Libya_, of another in _Locris_, of another in _Botia_, of another in _Cyprus_, of another in _aetolia_, of another in _Asia_ near _Chius_; and _Erythia Acra_ was a promontory in _Libya_, and _Erythraeum_ a promontory in _Crete_, and _Erythros_ a place near _Tybur_, and _Erythini_ a City or Country in _Paphlagonia_: and the name _Erythea_ or _Erythrae_ was given to the Island _Gades_, peopled by _Phnicians_. So _Solinus_, [100] _In capite Baeticae insula a continenti septingentis pa.s.sibus memoratur quam Tyrii a rubro mari profecti Erytheam, Pni sua lingua Gadir, id est sepem nominarunt._ And _Pliny_, [101] concerning a little Island near it; _Erythia dicta est quoniam Tyrii Aborigines eorum, orti ab Erythraeo mari ferebantur._ Among the _Phnicians_ who came with _Cadmus_ into _Greece_, there were [102] _Arabians_, and [103] _Erythreans_ or Inhabitants of the _Red Sea_, that is _Edomites_; and in _Thrace_ there settled a People who were circ.u.mcised and called _Odomantes_, that is, as some think, _Edomites_. _Edom_, _Erythra_ and _Phnicia_ are names of the same signification, the words denoting a red colour: which makes it probable that the _Erythreans_ who fled from _David_, settled in great numbers in _Phnicia_, that is, in all the Sea-coasts of _Syria_ from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_; and by calling themselves _Phnicians_ in the language of _Syria_, instead of _Erythreans_, gave the name of _Phnicia_ to all that Sea-coast, and to that only. So _Strabo_: [104] ??? e? ?a? ?a? t???

F?????a?, ?a? t??? S?d?????? t??? ?a?' ??a? ap?????? e??a? t?? e? t??

O?ea??? fas?, p??st??e?te? ?a? d?a t? F?????e? e?a????t?, ??t? ?a? ??

?a?atta e????a. _Alii referunt Phnices & Sidonios nostros esse colonos eorum qui sunt in Oceano, addentes illos ideo vocari Phnices _[puniceos]_ quod mare rubrum sit._

_Strabo_ [105] mentioning the first men who left the Sea-coasts, and ventured out into the deep, and undertook long Voyages, names _Bacchus_, _Hercules_, _Jason_, _Ulysses_ and _Menelaus_; and saith that the Dominion of _Minos_ over the Sea was celebrated, and the Navigation of the _Phnicians_ who went beyond the Pillars of _Hercules_, and built Cities there, and in the middle of the Sea-coasts of _Afric_, presently after the war of _Troy_. These _Phnicians_ [106] were the _Tyrians_, who at that time built _Carthage_ in _Afric_, and _Carteia_ in _Spain_, and _Gades_ in the Island of that name without the _Straights_; and gave the name of _Hercules_ to their chief Leader, because of his labours and success, and that of _Heraclea_ to the city _Carteia_ which he built. So _Strabo_: [107]

??p?e??s?? ??? e? t?? ??ete?a? ?a?att?? e?? t?? e??, de???? est? t??t??

?a? p??? a?t? ?a?p? [?a?t??a] [108] p???? e? tetta?a???ta stad????

a???????? ?a? pa?a?a, ?a?sta??? p?te ?e??e?? t?? ?????? e???? de ?a?

??a??e??? ?t?sa ?e???s?? a?t??, ??? est? ?a? ???s?e???? ??? F?s? ?a?