The Barren Ground Caribou of Keewatin Part 21

1924. Report on an exploratory survey between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, districts of Mackenzie and Keewatin. Dept. Interior, Ottawa: 1-38, maps. (Reprinted from _Ann. Rept. Dept. Interior_ 1901 [1902].)

TYRRELL, J. BURR.

1892. The winter home of the Barren Ground Caribou. _Ottawa Naturalist_ +6+ (8): 128-130.

1894. An expedition through the Barren Lands of northern Canada. _Geog.

Jour._ +4+ (5): 437-450, 1 map.

1895. A second expedition through the Barren Lands of northern Canada.

_Geog. Jour._ +6+ (5): 438-448, 1 map.

1896. Report on the country between Athabasca Lake and Churchill River with notes on two routes travelled between the Churchill and Saskatchewan Rivers. Ann. _Rept. Geog. Survey Canada_ +8+ (n.s.), 1895, rept. D: 1-120, 3 pl., 1 map.

1897. Report on the Doobaunt, Kazan and Ferguson Rivers and the north-west coast of Hudson Bay, and on two overland routes from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg. _Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey Canada_ +9+ (n.s.), 1896, rept. F: 1-218, 11 pl., 3 maps.

[UNITED STATES] WAR DEPARTMENT.

1944. Arctic manual. _Technical Manual_ 1-240. Was.h.i.+ngton: 1-131, 21 fig., 1 map.

WEBER, NEAL A.

1950. A survey of the insects and related arthropods of Arctic Alaska.

Part 1. _Trans. Am. Entom. Soc._ +76+ (3): 147-206, 7 pl.

WEEKS, L. J.

1933. Maguse River and part of Ferguson River basin, Northwest Territories. _Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey, Summary Rept. 1932_, pt. 64-72, 1 map.

WEYER, EDWARD MOFFATT, JR.

1932. The Eskimos: their environment and folkways. New Haven: xvii + 491, 6 fig., 23 maps.

WHEELER, DAVID E.

1912. Notes on the spring migration at timber line, north of Great Slave Lake. _Auk_ +29+ (2): 198-204, 1 map.

1914. The Dog-rib Indian and his home. Bull. _Geog. Soc. Philadelphia_ +12+ (2): 47-69, 3 pl., 1 map.

WHITNEY, CASPAR.

1896. On snow-shoes to the Barren Grounds. . . . New York: x + 324, 35 pl., 77 fig., 2 maps.

WHITTAKER, E. J.

1919. Notes on midwinter life in the Far North. _Ottawa Naturalist_ +32+ (9): 166-167.

WRAY, O. R.

1934. In the footsteps of Samuel Hearne. _Canadian Geog. Jour._ +9+ (3): 138-146, 15 fig., 2 maps.

WRIGHT, J. G.

1944. Economic wildlife of Canada's eastern Arctic--caribou. _Canadian Geog. Jour._ +29+ (4): 184-195, 12 fig., 1 map.

YOUNG, STANLEY P.

1944. The wolves of North America. Part 1. Their history, life habits, economic status, and control. Was.h.i.+ngton: 1-385, 74 pl., 4 fig., 8 maps.

YULE, ROBERT F.

1948. The disappearing caribou. _Canadian Medic. a.s.soc. Jour._ +58+: 287-288, 1 fig.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

TO

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_

These references are arranged chronologically, year by year; but within a given year, the arrangement for the most part is alphabetical by authors. The full citations of the publications (here designated merely by author and year) may be found in the preceding "Literature Cited."

The name or names at the beginning of each entry are those by which the animal is referred to in that particular publication. If the author supplies a technical name (such as _Rangifer arcticus_), that name alone is furnished here. The authority for the technical name is included or omitted according to the usage of each author. If he omits a technical name, the common name or names he employs (such as "Caribou" or "Reindeer") are supplied.

In some of the earlier accounts, particularly, more than one form of _Rangifer_ (_e.g._, Peary's Caribou, the Labrador Caribou, or even the Woodland Caribou, in addition to the typical Barren Ground Caribou) may have been treated under a single designation, such as "Reindeer" or "_Cervus tarandus_." In such case the word "part" is added in parentheses after the name at the beginning of the entry. As far as is possible or feasible, the references are here limited to _R. a.

arcticus_. They const.i.tute a partial summary of the nomenclatural history of the typical subspecies.

The annotations aim to provide a sort of abstract of, or unalphabetized index to, the treatment of this animal in each publication. Each topic or rubric of the annotations (such as migration, distribution, food, voice, antlers, or relation to Wolves) is accompanied by page references.

In the earlier part of the present publication, at the end of the discussion of each topic, references are given (merely by author, year, and page) to previous literature on the same topic. The Annotated Bibliographical References now supplied represent an amplification of those earlier and briefer references--an intermediate stage between them and the original literature. It is hoped that they will prove particularly helpful to those who may not have ready access to all the items of the original literature. My own coverage of the literature has not been by any means exhaustive; limitations of time and insufficient accessibility of some of the rarer publications have been the princ.i.p.al factors involved in this deficiency.

The chronological arrangement of the entries throws an interesting light on the gradual acquisition, during more than two centuries, of our present stock of information on the distribution, taxonomic characters, life habits, and general status of _Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. It may be remarked, however, that one of the very earliest accounts (Hearne, 1795) was one of the fullest. It contributes toward bringing into focus the remarkable attainments of that pioneer explorer-naturalist of the Barren Grounds.

"Deer" (one of three kinds): Isham, 1949 (1743): 151 (description); 152 (inhabit Barren Grounds); 152-153 (snares); 154 (Eskimos hunting with spears and arrows).

"Rain-deer" or "Cariboux": Dobbs, 1774: 9, 78, 94 (Marble Island); 19 (Indians living on Caribou W. of Hudson Bay); 20 (herds of up to 10,000 between Churchill and Nelson rivers); 22 (migration [of Barren Ground or Woodland species?] near York Factory--S. in March-April, N. in July-August); 47, 59 (N. of Churchill); 73-74 (Wager Inlet); 80 (Cape Fullerton).

"Deer": Hearne, 1795: 4, 7, 8, 14, 24 (vicinity of Seal River or Shethanei Lake); 28 (near Baralzon Lake); 35 (spearing by Chipewyans on upper Kazan River); 39, 40 (W. of upper Kazan River, July 22-30); 40-42, 50-52 (vicinity of upper Dubawnt River); 50 (skins suitable for clothing in late August); 56, 66 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba, November and December); 67-68 (E. of Nueltin Lake); 69, 72, (Nueltin Lake); 69 (flesh of bucks still unpalatable on December 30); 73, 74 (W. of Nueltin Lake, January); 76 (plentiful W. of Kasba Lake); 77 (s...o...b..rd Lake); 78 (Indians living all winter on deer at Wholdaia Lake); 78-80 (description of a pound); 80-84 (deer in Indian economy); 84 (remoteness a barrier to trade in skins); 85-87 (W. of Wholdaia Lake, plentiful, March); 87 ("Thelewey-aza-yeth" Lake [on Thelon River], numerous, April); 96 (Indians living all winter on deer near Clowey Lake); 112, 114 ("Peshew" [Artillery?] Lake and vicinity); 117 (plentiful, vicinity of Thoy-noy-kyed and Thoy-coy-lyned lakes); 119, 123 (N. of Cogead Lake, where Indians kill deer at a river crossing); 139 (N. of Buffalo Lake); 141 (E. of Coppermine River); 142, 143, 147, 171 (Coppermine River and vicinity); 184 (Stony Mountains); 195 (Thaye-chuck-gyed Lake [Lac de Gras?]; great numbers killed); 196-197 (use for clothing, boots, tents, etc.); 197 (warbles eaten by Indians); 198 (rutting season in October; subsequent segregation of s.e.xes); 198-199 (old bucks' antlers shed in November; young bucks still retain theirs at Christmas, and does till summer); 201, 204 (Point Lake); 222 (between Great Slave and MacKay lakes); 275 (large numbers reported on upper Taltson?

River); 281 (W. of Hill Island Lake); 285, 286 (plentiful in April on Thee-lee-aza [Thelon?] River, NE. of Hill Island Lake); 293 (near Wholdaia Lake); 295, 296 (W. and E. of Kazan River); 297 (method of drying meat); 299 (plentiful in June, Nueltin Lake region); 300 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba); 316-319 (stomach contents, unborn young and uterus eaten by Indians); 321-322 (Indians driving deer between converging rows of sticks); 322-323 (tents of deerskin); 323-325 (skins used in manufacture of sledges, snowshoes, and clothing).

"Rein-deer": Parry, 1821: 273 (E. coast of Baffin Island).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Franklin, 1823: 215-227, 285 (Yellowknife River region); 230-232, 239-240, 245, 248, 268-271, 285, 297, 299, 309, 315-320, 438-440, 459-462, 480-488 (Winter Lake region); 233, 324-325, 418-426, 446-447 (Point Lake region); 240 (back fat; rutting season); 240-241 (antler and pelage change); 241 (larvae of warble and nostril flies); 241-242 (migration); 242 (fawning; food; weight; predation by wolves); 243-244 (Indian hunting methods); 327, 328, 333, 337, 344 (Coppermine River region); 327 (pursuit by a wolf); 344 (driven by wolves over a precipice); 363-374 (coast of Coronation Gulf); 379-395 (Bathurst Inlet region); 397-400 (Hood River region); 404-413 (Contwoyto Lake region); 478 (Marten Lake); 486, 487 (pursuit and killing by wolves, Winter Lake region).

_Cervus Tarandas_. . .: Sabine, in Franklin, 1823: 665, 667 (Barren Grounds, migrating in summer to Arctic islands).

"Deer" or "reindeer": Lyon, 1824: 48, 58-60 (Frozen Strait); 54 (Repulse Bay); 64-67 (Gore Bay; too fleet for a greyhound); 70, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82 (Lyon Inlet and vicinity); 119, 123, 130, 144, 203, 212 (Winter Island; food of Eskimos; bows made of antlers; use of sinews; deerskin clothing); 192-198, 217, 221, 223, 229, 238, 241, 282-283, 311-317 (Melville Peninsula, E.