The Barren Ground Caribou of Keewatin Part 25

"Caribou": G.o.dsell, 1934: 273-276 (trade with Eskimos on Arctic coast resulting in great slaughter of caribou); 276 (importation of reindeer to Mackenzie Delta region to replace caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Hornby, 1934: 105 (food; weight; fat; migrations influenced by natives, unfrozen large lakes, and fires; effects of flies; rutting season and behavior; antler shedding); 106 (irregular migrations; s.e.xual segregation; wolf predation); 106-107 (movements, numbers, and dates in region between Great Slave and Baker lakes); 108 (beneficial effect of wolves on caribou).

"Caribou": Wray, 1934: 141 (abundant, Lac de Gras, 1932); 144 (few S. of Mackay Lake).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Degerbl, 1935: 48-51 (specimens from Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula, including an albino from Rae Isthmus; descriptions).

"Caribou": Freuchen, 1935: 93 (abundance of rabbits supposed to lessen wolf predation on caribou); 99 (wolverine reputed to attack sleeping caribou); 120 (pursuit by wolves near Wager Inlet); 121 (followed by wolves, Melville Peninsula; predation by wolves, Southampton Island); 122 (wolves said not to follow caribou across streams; wolf methods of hunting caribou); 128 (caribou carca.s.ses consumed by Arctic foxes).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Murie, 1935: 74, 75 (type locality; skull measurements).

"Barren ground caribou": Alc.o.c.k, 1936: 9 (Lake Athabaska).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1936: 90 (importance to Eskimos); 91 (migration; snow pitfalls, baited with urine; hunting with spears, rows of stone cairns, snares, and bows); 110 (dependence of Caribou Eskimos on Caribou); 111 (frequent famine and cannibalism among them for lack of Caribou; lookout knolls for Caribou); 112 (s.e.xual segregation in herds); 115-116 (clothing of caribou skin).

"Caribou": Soper, 1936: 429 (resorting to Grinnell Glacier, Baffin Island, to escape mosquitoes).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1937: 103 (lower Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay; use of skin and meat; scarce on coast W. of Bathurst Inlet; concentration between Bathurst Inlet, Great Slave Lake, and Baker Lake; S. into Wood Buffalo Park; use of rifles by Central Eskimos resulting in decrease; apparent intergradation with _R. a. pearyi_ in northern islands).

"Caribou": G.o.dsell, 1937: 288 (caribou migrating between mainland and Arctic islands exterminated by Eskimos with ammunition supplied by traders); 289 (reindeer imported to mouth of Mackenzie to replace vanished caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Henriksen, 1937: 25 (larvae of _Cephenomyia trompe_ L. from nasal pa.s.sage, Baker Lake, May 2); 26 (larvae of _Oedemagena tarandi_ collected from caribou in May, Gore Bay, Lyon Inlet, and Melville Peninsula).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1938: 400 (perhaps no great reduction in numbers, but some s.h.i.+fting of range from human encroachments and fire; wintering S. to n.

Manitoba and Saskatchewan and ne. Alberta; estimate of 3,000,000).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Hamilton, 1939: 109 (hoofs; function of fat); 244-247 (migrations); 246, 352, 359 (importance to Indians and Eskimos); 247 (influence of mosquitoes on movements; s.e.xual segregation); 301 (distribution determined by insect pests); 359 (immense herd in ne. Saskatchewan).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Murie, 1939: 239 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island, including some of the Arctic islands; diagnosis); 244 (antlers; pelage; migration; rut in September and October); 245 (food; ankle click; voice; gait; senses; insect pests; Wolves and other predators); 245-246 (danger from introduction of Reindeer); 246 (adaptation to environment).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Clarke, 1940: 5, 7 (dependence of Indians and Eskimos on caribou); 8-9 (Rum Lake country a wintering ground; Eskimos from Back's River to Wager Inlet and Baker Lake dependent on winter caribou; likewise those at Beverly, Aberdeen, and Schultz lakes); 11 (great winter herd S.

and W. of Bathurst Inlet); 65 (fluctuations; current abundance in Hanbury-Thelon region and scarcity at Baker Lake); 70 (parasites; diseases); 84 (economic importance); 85-86 (migrating southward in late July in Thelon Game Sanctuary and at Tourgis Lake, in early August at Hanbury, Artillery, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes, and from early August to late September at Taltson River and Thekulthili and Nonacho lakes; in autumn near Lac de Gras and on upper Back's River; in autumn and winter at Reliance and Snowdrift); 87-90 (at least 100,000 migrating N. in early July at Hanbury and Thelon rivers, including does with month-old fawns); 89, 90 (molt); 91 (previous records in Thelon Sanctuary region); 92-93 (near Lake Athabaska and Slave River and at Hill Island Lake in early August; Wood Buffalo Park in winter; the various groups and their movements defined); 93-95 (early ideas of migrations); 95 (fallacies; s.e.xual segregation; antlers; influence of flies); 96-97 (details of migratory movements; retrograde autumnal movement); 98 (extermination of bands formerly migrating from mainland to Victoria and King William islands); 98-100 (irregular migrations; influences--such as wide open waters, overgrazing, and fires--affecting migrations); 101-104 (carrying capacity of range; numbers estimated at 3,000,000; increase and decrease); 104-106 (accidents); 106-107 (effects of fire and overgrazing; food); 107-110 (wolves and other predators); 110 (hunting and its effects); 112 (importance to natives).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): G. M. Allen, 1942: 297 (mainstay of Eskimos and Indians); 297-298 (description); 298-299 (Hudson Bay to Mackenzie River, N. to Banks and Victoria Islands, Boothia, Southampton and Baffin Islands, S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and ne. Alberta; migratory habit; s.h.i.+ft of range due to human crowding and destruction of winter forage by fire); 299 (increased slaughter in winter range; reduction on Southampton Island).

"Caribou": Manning, 1942: 28 (rapidly reduced on Southampton Island after establishment of a post in 1924); 29 (insufficient skins for Eskimo clothing); 29 (wolves, for lack of caribou, became extinct on Southampton by 1937).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1942: 143 (in 1932-33, E. of Fort Smith, S. to 30th base line; along N. sh.o.r.e of Lake Athabaska to Fond du Lac; W. of Slave River, between Lobstick Creek and Grand Detour and into Wood Buffalo Park; Tethul River to Tsu Lake and Taltson River; in 1933-34, crossing Slave River from E. in vicinity of Caribou and Stony Islands and Buffalo Landing, and feeding on goose gra.s.s [= _Equisetum, fide_ Raup, 1933: 39]).

"Caribou": Downes, 1943: 203 (Windy Lake, late July); 215 (1925-26 and 1938-39 bad years for caribou on upper Kazan River; consequent mortality among Eskimos); 221 (Red River, July 28); 224, 249, 250 (Simons' Lake); 226 (grunting; shaking heads on account of flies; buck with winter pelage); 227 (butchering operation); 228 (use of antlers and hoofs; feeding on dwarf birch; protecting carca.s.ses from gulls); 236-237 (antics of a buck); 253 (Red River); 255 (warble and nostril flies); 256 (does beginning to appear; swimming ability); 256-257 (snuffing, snorting, and coughing); 258-260 (estimates of numbers); 260 (change of migration routes through human activities and forest fires); 261-262 (effect of natives and wolves); pl. following p.

296 (Kasmere River).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1943a: 47 (recent depletion by Eskimos); 49-52 (w. Baffin Island; Koukdjuak and Hantzsch rivers; Bowman, Taverner, Wordie, and Harbour bays; Tweedsmuir Islands; Baird Peninsula; Lake Nettilling; c.u.mberland Sound; Fury and Hecla Strait); 50 (summer and winter droppings; exterminated from most of Foxe Peninsula); 51 (estimated population in central western Baffin Island 10,000); 51-52 (migratory movements); 52 (s.e.xual segregation and herding; females bearing young at end of second year); 52-53 (antler growth and shedding); 53 (molt; development of warble flies, and their scarcity in fawns; acc.u.mulation of fat); 55 (annual kill by wolves on w. Baffin Island estimated at 2,000 animals over one year of age).

"Caribou": Manning, 1943b: 103 (former migration--now ceased--from the S. to Melville Peninsula, where the animals are now scarce; still numerous on Baffin Island N. of Fury and Hecla Strait; fairly numerous, Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet; dearth of skins for Eskimo clothing; numerous herds about Piling, Baffin Island).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Porsild, 1943: 383 (food); 386 (warble and nostril flies "apparently do not travel very far"; spa.r.s.ely covered grazing areas suitable for caribou but not for reindeer); 389 (migration affected by rotational grazing and seasonal and local abundance of mosquitoes or flies; wariness varying with size of herd; caribou disappear before expanding reindeer culture).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1944: 274-250 (great reduction in southern coastal region of Baffin Island; few left on Foxe Peninsula; Hantzsch and Soper rivers; Bowman, Amadjuak, and Frobisher bays; Lake Harbour; Nettilling Lake; Big Island; Grinnell Glacier; c.o.c.kburn Land); 248 (measurements); 248-249 (migrations); 248-250 (utilization by Eskimos).

"Caribou": [U.S.] War Department, 1944: 40 (Canadian mainland and Arctic islands); 77 (importance as food).

"Barren ground caribou": Wright, 1944: 185 (late summer skins for clothing; high value of the meat; reduction in numbers); 186 (migration routes changed by overgrazing, fires, and excessive hunting; numbers); 187 (annual consumption in Keewatin not less than 22,000; decrease on Boothia and Melville peninsulas; locally plentiful in w. Baffin Island; scarce on King William Island; none on Adelaide Peninsula; great decrease on Southampton Island); 188 (small herds on Coats Island; varying numbers on Baffin Island, where skins are imported for clothing; a herd on Bylot Island); 189 (scarce at Arctic Bay and on Brodeur Peninsula); 190 (migration on Baffin Island); 191 (Baffin population estimated at 25,000); 193 (tables of numbers taken annually on Baffin Island and in Keewatin); 195 (smaller caribou on Boothia Peninsula and on Somerset and Prince of Wales islands).

"Caribou": Young, 1944: 236-238, 243 (predation by wolves in the Barren Grounds, including Southampton Island and Artillery Lake).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Gavin, 1945: 227-228 (recent increase at Perry River and Bathurst Inlet; partly resident on mainland but also migratory, a few crossing to Victoria Island); 228 (many fawning on small coastal islands and Kent Peninsula; many succ.u.mbing to mosquitoes; damage by larvae of warble fly).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1947: 178 (type locality; Mackenzie and Keewatin, from Hudson Bay and Melville Peninsula W. to lower Mackenzie Valley, and N. to s.

fringe of islands N. of the mainland Arctic coast; migrating S.

to Churchill River or beyond, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabaska, and occasionally the Wood Buffalo Park in ne. Alberta).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1948: 15 (decrease; s.h.i.+ft of range attributed to fire or overgrazing; need of protection; killing from planes; Northwest Territories; northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1948: 26-28 (Eyrie, Big Sand, Neck, Sandhill, Malaher, Boundary, Boulder, South Henik, Camp, Carr, Alder, Victory, Ninety-seven, Twin, and Baker lakes; Tha-anne and Kazan rivers; W. of Padlei; Christopher Island; Chesterfield Inlet; Tavani; most numerous in the more southerly and westerly of these localities in Manitoba and Keewatin; heavy grazing on lichens where the caribou had been numerous; migration; trails).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948a: 211-212 (diagnosis); 212 (Northwest Territories, wandering southward in winter as far as Fort McMurray (formerly) and Wood Buffalo Park; food; habitat).

_Rangifer arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948b: 149 (numerous at Burnt Wood River, W. of Nelson House, winter of 1944-45, and in Herb Lake area, Manitoba, winters of 1944-45 and 1945-46; hundreds killed by Indians).

"Caribou": Yule, 1948: 287 (a losing battle for survival; not half as many as a few years previously); 288 (considerable herds between Churchill and Gillam, but fewer to the westward; excessive kill; consumption by dogs and wolves; disaster confronting Indians and Eskimos through diminis.h.i.+ng supply of caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Banfield, 1949: 477 (economy); 478 (Mackenzie and Keewatin; numbers less than previous estimate of 3,000,000; S. in winter to nw. Ontario, central Manitoba, n. Saskatchewan, ne. Alberta, Wood Buffalo Park, and Norman Wells; small bands remaining on Boothia and Adelaide peninsulas, S. of Pelly Bay, on Somerset, Prince of Wales, and Russell islands, and at Daly Bay; believed extirpated on King William Island; Melville Peninsula); 481 (near Wager Bay; fairly plentiful along Arctic coast from Back's River to Horton River, in Perry River district, and on Kent Peninsula, where a few cross to Victoria Island; population on Southampton Island estimated at 300, on Coats Island at 1,000 and on Baffin Island at 25,000; apparently extirpated on Bylot Island in 1941; Eskimo pressure on Baffin Island herds). (Fig. 1 suggests n.

limit at s. Victoria Island and Prince of Wales and Somerset islands.)

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Harper, 1949: 226 (Kazan River; Eskimos starving for lack of caribou); 226-230, 239-240 (migration and its pattern); 226 (wintering S. to Churchill and Nelson rivers; Nueltin Lake); 226, 228 (habitat; trails); 226-227, 229-230 (locomotion); 227 (daily periods of rest); 228, 229, 230 (pelage and molt); 228 (insect pests); 228, 229 (organization of herds); 229 (antlers); 229-230 (disposition); 230 (grunting; shaking water off; foot-glands; food); 230-231 (utilization of hides and meat); 230-231, 239 (the wolf a beneficial predator); 231, 239 (numbers); 239 (civilized man the chief enemy; menace of reindeer culture).

"Caribou": Hoffman, 1949: 12 (herds of 50,000 in Mackenzie region spotted by aircraft; Indians and Eskimos thus directed to them; caribou hides s.h.i.+pped to Eskimos along Arctic coast, who are thus giving up seal-hunting).

_Rangifer arcticus_ agg.: Polunin, 1949: 24 (contemplated introduction of Reindeer to replace Caribou); 72 (Frobisher Bay); 227, 230 (reported increase in NE. of Southampton Island); 230 (Eskimos on Southampton Island learning conservation methods); 233, 238, 262, 264 (Christopher Island, Baker Lake).

"Caribou": Porsild, 1950: 54 (relatively plentiful, 1949, Banks and Victoria islands).

"Barren-ground caribou": Banfield, 1951a: 1 (importance in northern economy); 3 (physical environment); 4 (former and present distribution); 4-5 (winter ranges); 5 (influences of fire on distribution); 6 (summer ranges; retrograde autumnal movement); 9 (estimated mainland population 670,000); 9-12 (migration); 10 (retrograde autumnal movement; rutting in October or November); 11 (influences of excessive hunting and fires on migration); 12-15 (changes in range and status); 13 (estimated population of 1,750,000 in 1900); 14-15 (destruction by whalers and natives); 15-17 (description; pelage and molt); 15 (weight); 17-18 (antler growth and change); 18 (tooth wear with age); 19 (body form; foot-prints; foot-click); 19-20 (food); 21 (locomotion; swimming); 22 (voice; senses; disposition); 23-24 (group behavior); 24-26 (s.e.xual segregation); 26 (rutting behavior); 27 (fawning behavior; warning behavior); 27-29 (influence of food, weather, and flies on migration); 30 (vital statistics; growth); 31 (s.e.xual maturity); 31-33 (warble flies); 33 (nostril flies, mosquitoes, and black flies); 33-35 (internal parasites); 35 (bacterial diseases); 35-36 (accidents); 36-37 (relations to other animals); 37-41 (relations to wolves; annual loss from wolf predation estimated at no more than 5 percent); 41 (wolverine only a scavenger); 42 (few kills by barren-ground grizzlies or golden eagles); 42-43 (effect of firearms and wastage by natives); 43-44 (caches); 44-45 (meat used as human food, dog feed, and fox bait); 46-47 (hides used for clothing, upholstery, tents, moccasins, etc.); 47 (use of sinew, antlers, and fat); 47-50 (human population in caribou range; annual kill estimated at 93,000 as a minimum).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Banfield, 1951b: 120 (Mackenzie; wintering in forest, summering on tundra; specimens).

"Caribou": Scott, 1951: 17 (Musk Ox Lake, Mackenzie); 19 (near Beechey Lake); 37, 41, 83, 87, 88, 175, 214, 216 (Perry River, Keewatin); 127 (use by Eskimos); 179, 180 (doe with fawn, July 21); 199 (several thousand, July 27); 234 (Baker Lake).

"Caribou": Tweedsmuir, 1951: 18 (reduction on Baffin Island); 37 (Salisbury Island); 111 (gone from Foxe Land).

"Caribou": Anonymous, 1952: 261 (decline in numbers from 1,750,000 in 1900 to 670,000 in 1952); 263, 265, 267 (wolves harrying herds); 264 (annual kill estimated at 100,000; natural enemies account for 68,000 more); 267 (summer and winter ranges mapped).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Mochi and Carter, 1953: pl. 9, fig. 3, and accompanying text (description; distribution).

"Caribou": Harper, 1953: 28 (caribou bodies in Nueltin Lake region fed upon by Rough-legged Hawks, Ravens, and Herring Gulls); 40 (lack of Caribou leading to large consumption of Ptarmigan as dog feed); 41 (Caribou preferred to Ptarmigan as Eskimo food); 60 (Long-tailed Jaegers feeding on caribou bodies); 62, 63 (depredations by Herring Gulls on caribou bodies); 64 (Ring-billed Gulls feeding on caribou bodies); 72 (Canada Jays as subst.i.tute for dog feed when caribou are lacking; these birds as scavengers on caribou bodies); 74 (Ravens and Canada Jays as scavengers); 76 (Ravens feeding upon caribou bodies and following Wolves in expectation of a caribou kill).

"Caribou": Barnett, 1954: 96 (migration; fawning; numbers); 103 (migration); 104 (warble fly; antlers); 106 (lichens as food).