Immortal Memories Part 13

{198} Debate in the German Reichstag, April 2, 1881. Quoted by W. H.

Dawson.

{213} Becker's _Enthullungen_, 1868.

{218} Briefe an Hans von Bulow, 1885.

{225} Reprinted with alterations from the _Pall Mall Magazine_ of July, 1905, by kind permission of the proprietor and editor; and of Miss Mary Gladstone (Mrs. Drew) to whom the list of books was sent in a letter.

{230a} Plato (B.C. 427-347). Dr. Jowett has translated the _Laws_. See _The Dialogues_ of Plato With a.n.a.lysis and Introductions by Benjamin Jowett. In Five Volumes. Vol. V. The Clarendon Press.

{230b} Aristotle (B.C. 384-322). Dr. Jowett has translated the _Politics_ into English. Two volumes. The Clarendon Press.

{230c} Epictetus (born A.D. 50, died in Rome, but date unknown). His _Encheiridion_, a collection of Maxims, was made by his pupil Arrian. The best translation into English is that by George Long, first published in 1877. (George Bell.)

{230d} St. Augustine (A.D. 353-430). See a translation of his _Letters_ edited by Mary Allies, published in 1890.

{231a} St. Vincent of Lerins--Vincentius Lirinensis. Native of Gaul.

Monk in monastery of Lerinat, opposite Cannes. Died about 450. In 434 wrote _Commonitorium adversus profa.n.u.s omnium heretiecrum novitates_. It contains the famous threefold text of orthodoxy--"quod ubique, quod semper, quod ad omnibus creditum est." Printed at Paris, 1663 and later.

Also in Mignes, Patrologia Latina, Vol. 50. Hallam calls the text "the celebrated rule." It is all now remembered of St. V. by most educated men. It is shown to be of no practical value in an able criticism by Sir G. C. Lewis, _Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion_, 2nd ed., 1875, p. 57. Mr Gladstone reviewed this work of Lewis, _Nineteenth Century_ March, 1877.

{231b} Hugo of St. Victor (1097-1141), a celebrated Mystic born at Ypres in Flanders. His collected works first appeared at Rouen in 1648.

{231c} St. Bonaventura (A.D. 1221-1274). Born at Bagnarea, near Orvieto, in Tuscany, became a Franciscan monk and afterwards a Professor of Theology at Paris, where he gained the t.i.tle of the "Seraphic Doctor."

Made a Cardinal by Pope Gregory X, who sent him as his Legate to the Council at Lyons, where he died. In 1482 he was canonized. His writings appeared at Rome in 1588-96.

{231d} St. Thomas Aquinas (A.D. 1225-1274). The Angelic Doctor was born at the castle of Rocca-Secca near Aquino, between Rome and Naples.

Entered the Dominican Order in 1243. Went to Paris in 1252 and attained great distinction as a theologian. His _Summa Theologiae_ was followed by his _Summa contra Gentiles_. His works were first collected in 17 volumes in 1570. Aquinas was canonized in 1323.

{232a} Dante (A.D. 1265-1321). The _Divina Commedia_ has been translated into English by many scholars. The best known version is the poetical renderings of H. F. Cary (1772-1844) and W. W. Longfellow (1807- 1882) and the prose translations (the "Inferno" only) of John Carlyle (1801-79) and A. J. Butler in whose three volumes of the "Purgatory,"

"Paradise" and "Inferno" the original Italian may be studied side by side with the translation.

{232b} Raymund of Sabunde, a physician of Toulouse of the fifteenth century. He published his _Theologia naturalis_ at Stra.s.sburg in 1496.

"I found the concerts of the author to be excellent, the contexture of his works well followed, and his project full of pietie" writes Montaigne in telling us of his father's request that he should translate Sabunde's _Theologia naturalis_. Florio's Translation. Book II, Ch. XII.

{232c} Nicholas of Cusa (A.D. 1401-1464) was born at Kues on the Moselle. His _De Concordantia Catholica_ was a treatise in favour of the Councils of the Church and against the authority of the Pope. He was made a Cardinal by Pope Nicholas V.

{232d} Edward Reuss (1804-1891), a professor of Theology, who was born at Stra.s.sburg. Published his _History of the New Testament_ in 1842 and his _History of the Old Testament_ in 1881. _The Bible_, _a new translation with Introduction and Commentaries_, appeared in 19 volumes between 1874 and 1881.

{233a} Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662). Born at Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne. His _Letters to a Provincial_, written in 1656-7, made his fame by their attack on the Jesuists. His _Pensees_ appeared after his death, in 1669, and they have reappeared in many forms, "edited" by many schools of thought. The edition edited by Ernest Havet (1813-1889) was published in 1852.

{233b} Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715). Born in Paris. The works of Descartes drew him to philosophy. The famous dictum, "Malebranche saw all things in G.o.d," had reference to his treatise, _De la Recherche de la Verite_, first published in 1674.

{233c} Baader, Franz (1765-1841). A speculative philosopher and theologian, born at Munich, who endeavoured to reconcile the tenets of the Church of Rome with philosophy. Of his many works his _Vorlesungen uber Spekulative Dogmatik_ is here selected. It appeared between 1828 and 1838 in five parts.

{233d} Molitor, Franz Joseph (1779-1860). A philosophical writer, born near Frankfurt. His _Philosophie der Geschichte_, _oder uber Tradition_ was published in 4 volumes between 1827 and 1853.

{233e} Astie, Jean Frederic (1822-1894). A French Protestant theologian, who held a Chair of Theology in New York from 1848 to 1853.

In 1856 became a Professor in Switzerland. He published his _Esprit d'Alexandre Vinet_ at Paris in 1861. In 1882 appeared his _Le Vinet de la legende et celui de l'histoire_.

{234a} Punjer, Bernard (1850-1884). A theologian whose _Geschichte der Religions-philosophie_ was much the vogue with theological students at the time of its publication in 1880. It was reissued in 1887 in an English translation by W. Hastie, under the t.i.tle, _History of the Christian Philosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant_. Punjer also wrote _Die Religionslehre Kant's_, published at Jena in 1874.

{234b} Rothe, Richard (1799-1867). A Protestant theologian. Was for a time preacher to the Prussian Emba.s.sy in Rome, and afterwards in succession Professor of Theology at Wittenberg, at Heidelberg, and at Bonn. His _Theologische Ethik_ appeared at Wittenberg in 3 volumes between 1845 and 1848.

{234c} Martensen, Hans La.s.sen (1808-1884). A Danish theologian, born at Fleusburg and died at Copenhagen, where he was long a Professor of Theology. He became Bishop of Zeeland. _Die Christliche Ethik_ was one of many works by him. He also wrote _Die Christliche Dogmatik_, _Die Christliche Taufe_, and a _Life of Jakob Bohme_.

{234d} Oettingen, Alexander von (1827-1905). A theologian and statistician princ.i.p.ally a.s.sociated with Dorpat in Livonia, where he studied from 1845 to 1849. He became Professor of Theology at its famous University. His princ.i.p.al book is ent.i.tled, _Die Moralstatistik in ihrer Bedeutung fur eine Sozialethik_.

{234e} Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von (1842-1906). Born in Berlin, the son of General Robert von Hartmann, and served for some time in the Artillery of the German Army. He has written many philosophical works.

His _Phanomenologie des sittlichlen Bewusstseins_ was published in Berlin in 1879.

{235a} Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716). Born at Leipzig and died at Hanover. Visited Paris and London, and became acquainted with Boyle and Newton. In 1676 appointed to a librarians.h.i.+p at Hanover. His philosophical views are mainly derived from his letters. The edition of the _Letters_, edited by Ouno Klopp (1822-1903), appeared at Hanover between 1862 and 1884 in 11 volumes.

{235b} Brandis, Christian August (1790-1867). A philosopher and philologist, born in Hildesheim, studied in Gottingen and Kiel.

Accompanied Niebuhr as Secretary to the Emba.s.sy to Rome in 1816. In 1822 became Professor of Philosophy in Bonn. His _Handbuch der Geschichte der griechischromischen Philosophie_, doubtless here referred to by Lord Acton, was published in Berlin at long intervals (1835-66) in 3 volumes.

{235c} Fischer, Kuno (1824-1907). Born at Sandewalde in Silesia.

Deprived of his professors.h.i.+p of philosophy at Heidelberg by the Baden Government in 1853 on account of charge of Pantheism, but recalled to Heidelberg in 1872. His princ.i.p.al book is _Geschichte der Neuern Philosophie_ (1852-1903). His _Franz Baco von Verulam_ appeared in 1856, and _Francis Bacon und seine Schule_ made the 10th volume of his _Geschichte_.

{235d} Zeller, Eduard (1814- still living). Theologian and historian of philosophy. Studied at Tubingen and Berlin, became Professor of Theology at Berne, afterwards held chairs successively at Heidelberg and Berlin.

His many works include _The Philosophy of Ancient Greece_, _Platonic Studies_ and _Zwingli's Theological System_.

{236a} Bartholomess, Christian (1815-1856). A French philosopher, born at Geiselbronn in Alsace. From 1853 Professor of Philosophy at Stra.s.sburg. Died at Nuremberg. Wrote a _Life of Giordano Bruno_, and _Philosophical History of the Prussian Academy_, _particularly under Frederick the Great_, as well as the _Histoire critique des doctrines religieuses de la philosophie moderne_, published in 2 volumes in 1855.

{236b} Madame Guyon (1648-1717) was born at Montargis in France, and her maiden name was Jeanne Marie Bouvieres de la Mothe. She married at 16 years of age Jacques Guyon. Left a widow, she devoted herself to a religious mysticism which raised up endless controversies during the succeeding years. She was compelled to leave Geneva because her doctrines were declared to be heretical. She was imprisoned in the Bastile from 1695 to 1702. Her works are contained in 39 volumes.

{236c} Ritschl, Albrecht (1822-1889). Professor of Theology, born in Berlin, died in Gottingen. Became Professor of Theology in Bonn and later in Gottingen. He wrote many books. His _Die Entstehung der altkatholischen Kirche_ first appeared in 1850.

{236d} Loening, Edgar (1843- still living), was born in Paris. Has held professorial chairs at Stra.s.sburg, Dorpat, Rostock, and at Halle. His _Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts_ first appeared in 1878.

{237a} Baur, Ferdinand Christian (1792-1860). Born at Schmiden, near Kannstatt. Held various theological chairs before that of Tubingen, which he occupied from 1826 until his death. He wrote a great number of theological works, of which his _Vorlesungen uber die christliche Dogmengeschichte_ was published in Leipzig in 3 volumes between 1865 and 1867.

{237b} Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe (1651-1715). Born in Perigord in France, and famous alike as a divine and as a man of letters, his _Telemaque_ living in literature. His controversy over Madame Guyon is well known. Louis XIV made him preceptor to his grandson, the Duke of Burgundy, and later Archbishop of Cambrai. His _Correspondence_ was published between 1727 and 1729 in 11 volumes.

{237c} Newman, John Henry (1801-1890). A famous Cardinal of the Church of Rome; born in London, educated at Trinity College, Oxford; first Vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford; took part in the Tractarian Movement with some of the _Tracts for the Times_. His _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ appeared in 1864, his _Dream of Gerontius_ in 1865. There is no _Theory of Development_ by Newman. His _Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine_ appeared in 1845, and was replied to by the Rev. J. B. Mozley in a volume bearing the t.i.tle _The Theory of Development_.

{237d} Mozley, James Bowling (1813-1878). A Church of England divine; born at Gainsborough, educated at Oriel College, Oxford; became Vicar of Old Sh.o.r.eham, Canon of Worcester, and, in 1871, Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. His _Oxford University Sermons_ appeared in 1876.

{238a} Schneckenburger, Matthias (1804-1848). A Protestant theologian; born at Thalheim and died in Berne, where he was for a time Professor of Theology at the newly founded University. His _Vergleichende Darstellung des lutherischen und reformierten Lehrbegriffs_ was published in Stuttgart in 2 volumes in 1855.

{238b} Hundes.h.a.gen, Karl Bernhard (1810-1872). A Protestant theologian who held a professors.h.i.+p in Berne, later in Heidelberg and finally in Bonn, where he died. His many works included one upon the Conflict between the Lutheran, the Calvinistic, and the Zwinglian Churches. His _Beitrage zur Kirchenverfa.s.sungsgeschichte und Kirchenpolitik insbesondere des Protestantismus_ was published at Wiesbaden in 1864 in 1 volume.

{238c} Schweizer, Alexander (1808-1888). A theologian and preacher who studied in Zurich and Berlin. He wrote his _Autobiography_ which was published in Zurich the year after his death. His book, _Die protestantischen Centraldogmen innerhalb der reformierten Kirche_, appeared in Zurich in 2 volumes in 1854 and 1856.

{238d} Ga.s.s, Wilhelm (1813-1889). A Protestant theologian; born at Breslau and died in Heidelberg, where he held a theological chair. His best-known book is his _Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik_, published in Berlin between 1854 and 1867 in 4 volumes, and to this Lord Acton doubtless refers.

{238e} Cart, Jacques Louis (1826- probably still living). A Swiss pastor; born in Geneva; the author of many books, of which the one named by Lord Acton is fully ent.i.tled, _Histoire du mouvement religieux et ecclesiastique dans le canton de Vaud pendant la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle_. It appeared between 1871 and 1880 in 6 volumes.

{239a} Blondel, David (1590-1655). Born at Chalons-sur-Marne in France; a learned theologian and historian who defended the Protestant position against the Catholics. Was Professor of History at Amsterdam. His _De la primaute de l'Eglise_ appeared in 1641.