The Philippine Agricultural Review Part 8

The amount to be used will depend absolutely upon individual conditions, which may be ascertained only by experimentation. The manufacturers of this product state that the amount of the material used to that of dry sugar should be as 1 is to 10,000. In the writer's experience, two or even three times this amount will usually be required to give maximum results. As stated before, since there is such a variance in the material to be treated, each operator will be required to judge this to a great extent from the condition of his product.

In these Islands where a very low grade of open-kettle sugar is still made, which sells very cheaply, attempts are often made to bleach it and recrystalize in order to make a centrifugal sugar.

While ordinary clarifying agents help to a great extent, if the melted sugars are very dark from caramel and the decomposition products of calcium glucosate, these reagents can not be expected to give a light-colored juice. While they may improve conditions somewhat, the only solution to such a problem is the use of the boneblack process.

Bluing.--In the production of plantation clarified sugars, and sometimes of refinery crystals made from low-grade sugars, there is a thin film surrounding each sugar crystal, which has a yellowish tint. It is this that gives rise to the different grades of white sugars, when color test only is considered. Since this yellowish tinge will give way to a lighter color when neutralized with the proper shade of blue, it is a very common practice to use some form of bluing--usually that known as ultramarine--for this purpose.

The action of this reagent is only mechanical and great care must be exercised that the proper quant.i.ty is used. This must be determined by trials with the different amounts of the reagent, since the density of the yellowish tint is different in each case.

The place of application will also depend very much upon conditions. Some operators apply it only at the centrifugals and others apply it in the pan just at the graining point. Again others use a quant.i.ty at both the pan and in the last charge of water at the centrifugals. In any case, a good grade only of the reagent should be used. This must be thoroughly dissolved in clear water, condensed steam being preferred, and pa.s.sed through cloth or felt filters in order to remove any trace of lumps which would tend to produce uneven bluing, or bluish streaks.

While this is an excellent reagent in its place, it must not be expected to whiten mola.s.ses sugars as was attempted by a local manufacturer.

Animal charcoal or boneblack.--This material is made from bones of animals, by burning them in a kiln built for that purpose. The object of this burning is to remove the organic matter and leave the remainder in a porous condition, so that it may be crushed into particles the proper size. It is not desirable to have a great amount of char dust present, since this r.e.t.a.r.ds the pa.s.sage of the liquors through the filters, as well as impairing the efficiency of the work.

Bone char, being very porous, absorbs a great volume of gases, among which is oxygen, and it is ordinarily presumed that its bleaching power may be attributed to this fact. Extensive experiments have been made to determine definitely this point, and the char has been subjected to an atmosphere of other gases than oxygen. This proved that the char still contained great clarifying power.

Char also has a great surface attraction, which causes it to collect particles of coloring matter that may be present, and thus acts as an excellent filtering agent. New char should be thoroughly washed with pure water until all the impurities are removed. With the end in view of determining when the last traces of chlorine have disappeared, chemical tests are made on the wash waters. Nitric acid and silver nitrate are employed for this purpose. After animal char has been used for some time in the filters and fails to do its work efficiently, it is reburned, or revived, as it is called. Ordinarily the best results are obtained after a char has been used several times.

Reburning of the char at too high a temperature should be avoided, as it incurs an unnecessary loss of fuel, besides causing serious injury to the char by a contraction of the pores. Since, as stated previously, the main value of the char as a clarifying and filtering medium lies in the fact of its porosity, anything which reduces this will greatly impair its efficiency. One thing in connection with the bone-char process of making white sugars is that it is expensive and should not be attempted except on a large scale, since the initial expense of installation, as well as the cost of running, is very great. The writer is sometimes asked by managers of small factories, turning out plantation yellow clarified sugars, if it would not pay them to employ bone-char filters to use in connection with the remainder of their factory, in order to be able to work up an industry with the low-grade open-kettle sugars, during the intercampaign. Most a.s.suredly such a combination of small plantation factory and refinery would not be a paying affair. It takes men of experience and special training to carry out successfully the more detailed work in any technical line. One thing, however, can be very successfully done by these factories, and that is to make a first-cla.s.s plantation white sugar which will command a ready price in the local markets, or even suffice for export, if the proper manufacturing methods are used.

It is not presumed that any one planter will use all of the clarifying reagents mentioned above, but he should choose the ones to fit his individual needs, and secure his supply early, since a great deal of time is required to transport supplies from the place of manufacture to these Islands. This is especially the case when the place of manufacture happens to be in Europe, as is true with a number of the patented clarifying reagents.

Then, again, a suitable place should be selected for the storage of reagents, where they may be protected from dampness. The quick-lime and sulphites are especially susceptible to moisture, while the greatest danger of loss, when phosphoric acid compounds are stored, will result from leakage. This is on account of the great oxydizing effect of the acid on the iron loops surrounding the barrels, whereby a great quant.i.ty may be lost within a very short time. The writer observed this needless waste in one of the small factories here, when twenty barrels of a high-priced acid were stored on the damp ground of the factory, and a great percentage of it wasted.

There are a number of clarifying agents offered on the market under fancy names. Planters are advised to be cautious about the purchasing of such supplies until they have been thoroughly tried out and proven a success. Even then, it is better to experiment only on a small scale until it is known that they will meet their individual needs.

Some of these are not only deficient in clarifying power, but actually act as an absolute detriment by introducing impurities which lower the value of the juice as well as increasing the subsequent work of boiling and after working of the sugar.

LA FABRICACION DE AZUCAR BLANCO EN LOS INGENIOS.

By W. H. Th. Harloff and H. Schmidt.

Translated into Spanish by C. J. Bourbakis.

(Reviewed by Cleve. W. Hines, M. S., Station Superintendent.)

This book is edited by two of the foremost sugar producers of the world, Mr. Harloff, who is manager of a large sugar factory in Java, and Mr. Schmidt, a very able consulting chemist and engineer.

The book was originally written in Dutch and was translated into English, and now the Spanish edition has been completed, which will be welcomed by Spanish readers throughout the sugar world.

While dealing with a purely technical subject, this work is so simple in its diction that it may be readily comprehended even by those of little technical training.

The introduction is divided into five parts as follows:

Part I.--The influence of alkalies and alkaline earths on the const.i.tuents of cane juice.

Mention is here made of the formation of saccharates of barium, strontium, and calcium in low concentrations. The latter is made use of in the famous Steffens process of the beet-sugar industry.

Part II.--The influence of acids on the const.i.tuents of sugar cane and the hydrolizing effect of dilute acids on sucrose and the resulting const.i.tuents, laevulose and dextrose or invert sugar, are explained.

Part III.--The influence of heating on the const.i.tuents of cane juice is shown.

Part IV.--The coloring substances of cane and those produced in the process of manufacture.

Part V.--The different fermentations that occur in the sugar factory including lactic, butyric, alcoholic and dextran are discussed.

The main part of the text deals with the manufacture of white sugar by the carbonitation and sulphitation processes, and particular attention is given to the acid-thin-juice-method which has been elaborated in the Java factories with such great success during the past few years.

This book may be obtained from Norman Roger, 2 St. Dunstan's Hill, London, England. Price 7s. 6d. net (P4 Philippine currency).

CURRENT NOTES--FIRST QUARTER.

NOTES BY P. J. WESTER, Horticulturist in Charge of Lamao Experiment Station.

s.h.i.+eld Budding the Mango.

The one defect in the Pound method of s.h.i.+eld budding the mango described in Bureau of Agriculture Bulletin No. 18, The Mango, consists of the necessity of placing an ap.r.o.n to protect the long petiole left on the bud from the sun and the entrance of water, which work necessarily requires more time than if the bud could be wrapped as is the case in budding citrus trees. However, a possible use of scarred or nonpetioled budwood as a means of obviating the need of the ap.r.o.n was suggested in the above-mentioned publication. The results obtained in recent experiments conducted at the Lamao experiment station (November and December, 1914) have fully come up to the expectations of this modification, and if the work is carefully performed, the operator should have no trouble in obtaining 85 per cent of live buds by proceeding in accordance with the following directions:

(1) Select budwood that is well matured, from the first, second, and third flushes from the end of a branch. This budwood is always green and smooth.

(2) Three weeks or more in advance of the date when the budding is to be performed, cut off the leaf blades of the budwood selected. This causes the petioles to drop. When the scars left after the petioles have fallen are well healed the budwood is in condition for budding.

(3) The buds should be cut about 4 centimeters long, with an ample wood s.h.i.+eld, and inserted in the stock at a point where the bark is green and smooth like the budwood, not where it is rough and brownish.

(4) Use waxed tape in tying and cover the entire bud.

(5) When in the course of two to three weeks a good union has formed, unwind the wrapping so as to expose the leaf bud from which the growth is to issue, and cut off the top of the stock 10 to 15 centimeters above the bud.

(6) Every ten days after unwrapping the buds go through the nursery and carefully rub off all stock sprouts in order to force the buds to grow.

All other precautions that are taken in ordinary s.h.i.+eld budding must, of course, also be attended to in order to insure success.

Experiments in s.h.i.+eld Budding.