A History of the Philippines Part 19

1861-1862 El Teniente General de Jose Lemery.

1862-1865 El Teniente General de Rafael Echague.

1865-1865 El Mariscal de Campo de Joaquin Solano (acting).

1865-1866 El Teniente General de Juan de Lara e Irigoyen.

1866-1866 El Mariscal de Campo de Juan Laureano Sanz (acting).

1866-1866 El Comandante General de Marina de Antonio Ossorio (acting).

1866-1866 El Mariscal de Campo de Joaquin Solano (acting).

1866-1866 El Teniente General de Jose de la Gandara.

1866-1869 El Mariscal de Campo de Manuel Maldonado (acting).

1869-1871 El Teniente General de Carlos de la Torre.

1871-1873 El Teniente General de Rafael Izquierdo.

1873-1873 El Comandante General de Marina de Manuel MacCrohon (acting).

1873-1874 El Teniente General de Juan Alaminos y Vivar.

1874-1874 El Mariscal de Campo de Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting).

1874-1877 El Contra Almirante de la Armada de Jose Malcampo y Monje.

1877-1880 El Teniente General de Domingo Moriones y Murillo.

1880-1880 El Comandante General de Marina de Rafael Rodriguez Arias (acting).

1880-1883 El Teniente General de Fernando Primo de Rivera, Marques de Estella.

1883-1883 El Mariscal de Campo de Emilio de Molins, General Segundo Cabo (acting).

1883-1885 El Capitan General del Ejercito de Joaquin Jovellar y Soler.

1885-1885 El Mariscal de Campo de Emilio de Molins (acting).

1885-1888 El Teniente General de Emilio Terrero.

1888-1888 El Mariscal de Campo de Antonio Molto (acting).

1888-1888 El Cotra Almirante de la Armada de Federico Lobaton (acting).

1888-1891 El Teniente General de Valeriano Weyler.

1891-1893 El Teniente General de Eulogio Despojol, Conde de Caspe.

1893-1893 El General de Division de Federico Ochando, General Segundo Cabo (acting).

1893-1896 El Teniente General de Ramon Blanco y Erenas, Marques de Pena-Plata.

1896-1897 El Teniente General de Camilo G. de Polavieja, Marques de Polavieja.

1897-1897 de Jose de Lacharmbre y Dominguez, Teniente General (acting).

1897-1898 de Fernando Primo de Rivera, Capitan General, Marques de Estella.

1898-1898 de Basilio Augustin Teniente General del Ejercito.

1898-1898 El General Segundo Cabo de Fermin Jaudenes y Alvarez.

NOTES

[1] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 38.

[2] See Yule's Marco Polo for a discussion of this point and for the entire history of this great explorer, as well as a translation of his narrative. This book of Ser Marco Polo has been most critically edited with introduction and voluminous notes by the English scholar, Sir Henry Yule. In this edition the accounts of Marco Polo, covering so many countries and peoples of the Far East, can be studied.

[3] See the noted work The Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, and its Results, by Richard Henry Major, London, 1868. Many of the views of Mr. Major upon the importance of Prince Henry's work and especially its early aims, have been contradicted in more recent writings. The importance of the Sagres Observatory is belittled. Doubts are expressed as to the farsightedness of Prince Henry's plans, and the best opinion of to-day holds that he did not hope to discover a new route to India by way of Africa, but sought simply the conquest of the "Guinea," which was known to the Europeans through the Arab Geographers, who called it "Bilad Ghana"

or "Land of Wealth." The students, if possible, should read the essay of Mr. E. J. Payne, The Age of Discovery, in the Cambridge Modern History, Vol I.

[4] The cla.s.sical work on this famous ruler is Robertson's Life of Charles the Fifth, but the student should consult if possible more recent works.

[5] Primer Viaje alrededor del Mundo, Spanish translation by Amoretti, Madrid, 1899, page 27.

[6] The discovery of this famous relations.h.i.+p is attributed to the Spanish Jesuit Abbe, Lorenzo Hervas, whose notable Catalogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones conocidas was published in 1800-05; but the similarity of Malay and Polynesian had been earlier shown by naturalists who accompanied the second voyage of the famous Englishman, Captain Cook (1772-75). The full proof, and the relation also of Malagasy, the language of Madagascar, was given in 1838 by the work of the great German philologist, Baron William von Humboldt.

[7] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 52.

[8] Another possible explanation of the many Sanskrit terms which are found in the Philippine languages, is that the period of contact between Filipinos and Hindus occurred not in the Philippines but in Java and Sumatra, whence the ancestors of the Filipinos came.

[9] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., pp. 58, 59, chap. XVII.

[10] Arte de la Lengua Tagala.

[11] This name is derived, in the opinion of Professor Blumentritt, from Bayi, or Bay, meaning Laguna de Bay. Professor Meyer, in his Distribution of the Negritos, suggests an identification from this Chinese record, of the islands of Mindanao, Palawan (called Pa-lao-yu) and Panay, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, and Luzon.

[12] Through the courtesy of Professor Zulueta, of the Manila Liceo, permission was given to use from Chao Ju-kua's work these quotations, translated from the Chinese ma.n.u.script by Professor Blumentritt. The English translation is by Mr. P. L. Stangl.

[13] "This would confirm," says Professor Blumentritt, "Dr. Pardo de Tavera's view that in ancient times the Philippines were under the influence of Buddhism from India."

[14] Conquista de las Islas Filipinas, p. 95.

[15] Relacion de la Conquista de la Isla de Luzon, 1572; in Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. I.

[16] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 297.

[17] These data are largely taken from the account of the customs of the Tagalog prepared by Friar Juan de Plasencia, in 1589, at the request of Dr. Santiago de Vera, the governor and president of the Audiencia. Although there are references to it by the early historians of the Philippines, this little code did not see the light until a few years ago, when a ma.n.u.script copy was discovered in the convent of the Franciscans at Manila, by Dr. Pardo de Tavera, and was by him published. It treats of slave-holding, penalties for crime, inheritances, adoption, dowry, and marriage. (Las Costumbres de los Tagalog en Filipinas, segun el Padre Plasencia, by T. H. Pardo de Tavera. Madrid, 1892.)

[18] See on this matter Diccionario Mitologico de Filipinas, by Blumentritt; Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. II.

[19] This word is of Sanskrit origin and is common throughout Malaysia.

[20] Relacion de las Cosas de las Filipinas hecha por Sr. Domingo de Salazar, Primer obispo de dichas islas, 1583; in Retana, Archivo, vol. III.

[21] The foundation and character of this great colonial administration have been admirably described by the Honorable Bernard Moses, United States Philippine Commissioner and the first Secretary of Public Instruction, in his work, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America.

[22] Moses: Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, p. 12.

[23] Demarcacion del Maluco, hecha por el maestro Medina, in Doc.u.mentos ineditos, vol. V., p. 552.

[24] This and subsequent voyages are given in the Doc.u.mentos ineditos, vol. V., and a graphic account is in Argensola's Conquista de las Islas Molucas. They are also well narrated in English by Burney, Discoveries in the South Sea, vol. I., chapters V., XII., and XIV.

[25] Fray Gaspar de San Agustin: Conquista de las Islas Filipinas, lib. I., c. 13.

[26] One of the best paintings of the Filipino artist Juan Luna, which hangs in the Ayuntamiento in Manila, represents Legaspi in the act of the "Pacto de Sangre" with this Filipino chieftain.

[27] There is an old account of this interesting expedition by one who partic.i.p.ated. (Relacion de la Conquista de la Isla de Luzon, Manila, 1572; Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. IV.)

[28] Morga: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 10.