Latin for Beginners Part 12

<109.>> PARADIGMS

SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ nullus nulla nullum _Gen._ nulli'us nulli'us nulli'us _Dat._ nulli nulli nulli _Acc._ nullum nullam nullum _Abl._ nullo nulla nullo

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ alius alia aliud _Gen._ ali'us ali'us ali'us _Dat._ alii alii alii _Acc._ alium aliam aliud _Abl._ alio alia alio

THE PLURAL IS REGULAR

_a._ Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in <-d>> of

The genitive

_b._ These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of p.r.o.nouns (see --114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the

>.

<110.>> Learn the following idioms:

EXAMPLES

1.

2.

3.

<111.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. In utra casa est Iulia? Iulia est in neutra casa. 2. Nulli malo puero praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola.

4. Alii viri aquam, alii terram amant. 5. Galba unus (_or_ solus) c.u.m studio laborat. 6. Estne ullus carrus in agro meo? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterius domini, Tullia alterius. 8. Lesbia sola cenam parat. 9. Cena nullius alterius ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nulli alii viro cenam dat.

NOTE. The p.r.o.nominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.

II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses.

4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. _weak because of_) lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.

LESSON XVII

THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IS, EA, ID_

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS >, f., _Gaul_ >, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ >, m., _a Gaul_ >, f., _tear_ >, f., _woman_ (female) >, m., _number_ (numeral)

ADJECTIVE >, _ripe, mature_

ADVERB quo, _whither_

VERBS arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) >, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc.

CONJUNCTION >

<112.>> A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as _this, that, these, those_. Sometimes these words are p.r.o.nouns, as, _Do you hear these?_ and sometimes adjectives, as, _Do you hear these men?_ In the former case they are called >, in the latter >.

<113.>> Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as _p.r.o.nouns_ and as _adjectives_. The one used most is

>, masculine; >, feminine; >, neuter SINGULAR: _this, that_; PLURAL: _these, those_

<114.>> > is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of

BASE >

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ is ea id ei eae ea (_or_ ii) _Gen._ eius eius eius eorum earum eorum _Dat._ ei ei ei eis eis eis (_or_ iis iis iis) _Acc._ eum eam id eos eas ea _Abl._ eo ea eo eis eis eis (_or_ iis iis iis)

Note that the base > changes to > in a few cases. The genitive singular > is p.r.o.nounced _eh'yus_. In the plural the forms with two >'s are preferred and the two >'s are p.r.o.nounced as one. Hence, p.r.o.nounce > as > and > as >.

<115.>> Besides being used as demonstrative p.r.o.nouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal p.r.o.noun _he, she, it_. As a personal p.r.o.noun, then, > would have the following meanings:

SINGULAR _Nom._ >, _he_; >, _she_; >, _it_ _Gen._ >, _of him_ or _his_; >, _of her, her_, or _hers_; >, _of it_ or _its_ _Dat._ >, _to_ or _for him_; >, _to_ or _for her_; >, _to_ or _for it_ _Acc._ >, _him_; >, _her_; >, _it_ _Abl._ >, _with, from_, etc., _him_; >, _with, from_, etc., _her_; >, _with, from_, etc., _it_

PLURAL _Nom._ > or >, >, >, _they_ _Gen._ >, >, >, _of them, their_ _Dat._ > or >, > or >, > or >, _to_ or _for them_ _Acc._ >, _them_ _Abl._ > or >, > or >, > or >, _with, from_, etc., _them_

<116.>> > We learned above (--98.c) that > is a _reflexive_ possessive. When _his, her_ (poss.), _its, their_, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express _his, her, its_ by >, the genitive singular of >, >, >; and _their_ by the genitive plural, using > to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and > to refer to a feminine one.

EXAMPLES

_Galba calls his_ (own) _son_, > _Galba calls his son_ (not his own, but another's), > _Julia calls her_ (own) _children_, > _Julia calls her children_ (not her own, but another's), > _The men praise their_ (own) _boys_, > _The men praise their boys_ (not their own, but others'), >

<117.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.

4. The other woman is calling her chickens (_her own_). 5. Another woman is calling her chickens (_not her own_). 6. The Gaul praises his arms (_his own_). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (_not his own_). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their master (_their own_). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master (_not their own_). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its villages and towns.

<118.>> DIALOGUE[1]

CORNELIUS AND MARCUS

M. Quis est vir, Corneli, c.u.m puero parvo? Estne Roma.n.u.s et liber?

C. Roma.n.u.s non est, Marce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvis Galliae.

M. Estne puer filius eius servi an alterius?

C. Neutrius filius est puer. Is est filius legati s.e.xti.

M. Quo puer c.u.m eo servo properat?

C. Is c.u.m servo properat ad latos s.e.xti agros.[2] Totum frumentum est iam maturum et magnus servorum numerus in Italiae[3] agris laborat.

M. Agricolaene sunt Galli et patriae suae agros arant?