Latin for Beginners Part 14

NOTE. The present infinitive of > is >, and > is the present stem.

<127.>> From the present stem are formed the _present_, _imperfect_, and _future_ tenses.

<128.>> The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:

> (_advise_) PRES. STEM >

SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS 1. a'mo, _I love_ mo'neo, _I advise_ -o 2. a'mas, _you love_ mo'nes, _you advise_ -s 3. a'mat, _he (she, it) loves_ mo'net, _he (she, it) advises_ -t

1. ama'mus, _we love_ mone'mus, _we advise_ -mus 2. ama'tis, _you love_ mone'tis, _you advise_ -tis 3. a'mant, _they love_ mo'nent, _they advise_ -nt

1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses <-o>> and not <-m>>. The form >. In > there is no contraction. _Nearly all regular verbs ending in <-eo>> belong to the second conjugation._

2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (> = >), and before final <-t>> (>) and <-nt>> (>). Compare --12.2.

<129.>> Like > inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]:

[Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.]

INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT a'ro, _I plow_ ara're, _to plow_ cu'ro, _I care for_ cura're, _to care for_ *de'leo, _I destroy_ dele're, _to destroy_ desi'dero, _I long for_ desidera're, _to long for_ do,[3] _I give_ da're, _to give_ *ha'beo, _I have_ habe're, _to have_ ha'bito, _I live, I dwell_ habita're, _to live, to dwell_ *iu'beo, _I order_ iube're, _to order_ labo'ro, _I labor_ labora're, _to labor_ lau'do, _I praise_ lauda're, _to praise_ matu'ro, _I hasten_ matura're, _to hasten_ *mo'veo, _I move_ move're, _to move_ nar'ro, _I tell_ narra're, _to tell_ ne'co, _I kill_ neca're, _to kill_ nun'tio, _I announce_ nuntia're, _to announce_ pa'ro, _I prepare_ para're, _to prepare_ por'to, _I carry_ porta're, _to carry_ pro'pero, _I hasten_ propera're, _to hasten_ pug'no, _I fight_ pugna're, _to fight_ *vi'deo, _I see_ vide're, _to see_ vo'co, _I call_ voca're, _to call_

[Footnote 3: Observe that in >, the > is _short_, and that the present stem is > and not >. The only forms of > that have a long are > (pres. indic.), > (pres. imv.), and > (pres. part.).]> > In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, _I live, I am living_, or _I do live_. In Latin the one expression > covers all three of these expressions.> EXERCISES Give the _voice_, _mood_, _tense_, _person_, and _number_ of each form.I. 1. Vocamus, properatis, iubent. 2. Movetis, laudas, vides.3. Deletis, habetis, dant. 4. Maturas, desiderat, videmus. 5. Iubet, movent, necat. 6. Narramus, moves, vident. 7. Laboratis, properant, portas, parant. 8. Delet, habetis, iubemus, das.N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have (_sing_.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce.LESSON XX IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AMO_ AND _MONEO_ [Special Vocabulary]NOUNS >, f., _form, beauty_ >, f., _queen_ (regal) >, f., _punishment, penalty_ superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ >, f., _power_ (potent) >, f., _sadness, sorrow_ ADJECTIVES >, indeclinable, _seven_ >, _proud, haughty_ (superb) CONJUNCTIONS >, _not only ... but also_ > > Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like _was_, _shall_, _will_, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs.These are called _tense signs_.> > The tense sign of the imperfect is >, which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts: PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING > > _loving_ _was_ _I_ The inflection is as follows: CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II PERSONAL SINGULAR ENDINGS 1. ama'bam, _I was loving_ mone'bam, _I was advising_ -m 2. ama'bas, _you were loving_ mone'bas, _you were advising_ -s 3. ama'bat, _he was loving_ mone'bat, _he was advising_ -t PLURAL 1. amaba'mus, _we were loving_ moneba'mus, _we were advising_ -mus 2. amaba'tis, _you were loving_ moneba'tis, _you were advising_ -tis 3. ama'bant, _they were loving_ mone'bant, _they wereadvising_ -nt _a._ Note that the