Latin for Beginners Part 41

<370.>> > We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this cla.s.s belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by >. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, > is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate > after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and > by _that_ or _lest_.

<371.>> EXAMPLES

> } { > > } > { > } { >

_I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_, _has not come_

> } { > > } > { > } { >

_I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had not come_

The same examples with > instead of > would be translated _I fear that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc.

<372.>> RULE. > _Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by > (>) or > (> or >)._

<373.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Caesar verebatur ut supplicium captivorum Gallis placeret.

2. Romani ipsi magnopere verebantur ne Helvetii iter per provinciam facerent. 3. Timebant ut satis rei frumentariae mitti posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinere possim. 5. Timuit ne impedimenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit ne legiones vincerentur.

7. Legiones pugnare non timuerunt.[1]

II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended.

6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.

[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_ (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the subjunctive).]

LESSON LXVI

THE PARTICIPLES

<374.>> The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]

[Transcriber's Note: For reasons of s.p.a.ce, this table is given in two forms: first a reduced version without translation, and then the complete text, including translations, split into two elements.]

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT amans monens regens capiens audiens FUTURE amaturus moniturus recturus capturus auditurus

Pa.s.sIVE PERFECT amatus monitus rectus captus auditus FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

CONJ. I CONJ. II ACTIVE PRESENT amans monens _loving_ _advising_ FUTURE amaturus moniturus _about to love_ _about to advise_

Pa.s.sIVE PERFECT amatus monitus _loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_ _been loved_ FUTURE[2] amandus monendus _to be loved_ _to be advised_

CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT regens capiens audiens _ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_ FUTURE recturus capturus auditurus _about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_

Pa.s.sIVE PERFECT rectus captus auditus _ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_ _been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_ FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus _to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_

[Footnote 1: Review --203.]

[Footnote 2: The future pa.s.sive participle is often called the _gerundive_.]

_a._ The present active and future pa.s.sive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect pa.s.sive participles are formed from the participial stem.

_b._ The present active participle is formed by adding <-ns>> to the present stem. In <-io>> verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of <-e->>, as >,

_Nom._ amans amans amantes amantia _Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium _Dat._ amanti amanti amantibus amantibus _Acc._ amantem amans amantis amantia _or_ -es _Abl._ amanti amanti amantibus amantibus _or_ -e _or_ -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in <-i>>; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in <-e>>.

(2) In a similar way decline >, >, >,

_c._ The future active participle is formed by adding <-urus>> to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with > to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. --206.)

_d._ For the perfect pa.s.sive participle see --201. The future pa.s.sive participle or gerundive is formed by adding <-ndus>> to the present stem.

_e._ All participles in <-us>> are declined like >.

_f._ Participles agree with nouns or p.r.o.nouns like adjectives.

_g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: >, >, >, >, >.

<375.>>

> Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the pa.s.sive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

_Pres. Act._ >, _urging_ _Fut. Act._ >, _about to urge_ _Perf. Pa.s.s._ (in form) >, _having urged_ _Fut. Pa.s.s._ (_Gerundive_) >, _to be urged_

_a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is pa.s.sive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future pa.s.sive participle of deponent verbs is pa.s.sive in meaning as in other verbs.

_b._ Give the participles of >, >, >,

>,

>.

<376.>> > The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, >, _the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly pa.s.sive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary _having been_; as,

3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

<377.>> Review ----203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. >, _the soldiers who were running_ (lit. _running_) _were weary_.

2. >, _Caesar, when about to set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_.

3. >, _we saw the town which had been captured_ (lit. _captured town_).

4. >, _the general, since_ (_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having delayed_) _three days, set out_.