Practical Grammar and Composition Part 4

5. The cat came each day for ---- bit of meat.

6. Everyone has to prove ---- right to a seat.

7. Let every boy answer for ---- self (selves).

8. The crowd was so great that we could hardly get through ----.

9. Let any boy guess this riddle if ---- can.

10. Company H was greatly reduced in ---- numbers.

11. Every animal has some weapon with which ---- can defend ----self (selves).

12. Nowhere does each dare do as ---- pleases (please).

13. The elephant placed ---- great foot on the man's chest.

14. The child did not know ---- mother.

15. Death gathers ---- unfailing harvest.

16. Every kind of animal has ---- natural enemies.

17. The committee instructed ---- chairman to report the matter.

18. Two men were present, but neither would tell what ---- saw.

19. Truth always triumphs over ---- enemies.

20. n.o.body did ---- duty more readily than I.

21. The cat never fails to catch ---- prey.

22. I have used both blue crayon and red crayon, but ---- does (do) not write so clearly as white.

23. If John and Henry whisper (whispers) ---- will be punished.

24. If John or Henry whisper (whispers) ---- will be punished.

25. Both Columbus and Cabot failed to realize the importance of ---- discoveries.

26. Neither the lawyer nor the sheriff liked ---- task.

27. The canary longed to escape from ---- cage.

28. The rat ran to ---- hole.

29. The dog seemed to know ---- master was dead.

30. Everyone should try to gather a host of friends about ----.

31. If any one wishes to see me, send ---- to the Pierce Building.

32. Probably everybody is discouraged at least once in ---- life.

33. n.o.body should deceive ----selves (self).

34. Let each take ---- own seat.

35. Let each girl in the cla.s.s bring ---- book.

36. Let each bring ---- book.

37. Let each bring ---- sewing.

38. The fox dropped ---- meat in the pool.

39. The rock lay on ---- side.

40. Let sleep enter with ---- healing touch.

41. Each believed that ---- had been elected a delegate to the Mother's Congress.

42. Consumption demands each year ---- thousands of victims.

43. Summer arrays ----self (selves) with flowers.

44. Despair seized him in ---- powerful grasp.

45. If any boy or any girl finds the book, let ---- bring it to me.

46. Let every man and every woman speak ----mind.

47. Spring set forth ---- beauties.

48. How does the mouse save ---- self (selves) from being caught?

49. The hen cackled ---- loudest.

50. Some man or boy lost ---- hat.

51. John or James will favor us with ---- company.

52. Neither the captain nor the soldiers showed ----self (selves) during the fight.

53. If the boys or their father come we shall be glad to see ----.

54. Every man and every boy received ---- dinner.

55. Every man or boy gave ---- offering.

EXERCISE 9

_By what gender of the p.r.o.nouns would you refer to the following nouns?_

Snake, death, care, mercy, fox, bear, walrus, child, baby, friend (uncertain s.e.x), friend (known to be Mary), everybody, someone, artist, flower, moon, sun, sorrow, fate, student, foreigner, Harvard University, earth, Germany?

23. RELATIVE p.r.o.nOUNS. Relative p.r.o.nouns are p.r.o.nouns used to introduce adjective or noun clauses that are not interrogative. In the sentence, _The man THAT I MENTIONED has come_, the relative clause, _that I mentioned_, is an adjective clause modifying _man_. In the sentence, _WHOM SHE MEANS, I do not know_, the relative clause is, _whom she means_, and is a noun clause forming the object of the verb _know_.

The relative p.r.o.nouns are _who_ (_whose, whom_), _which, that_ and _what_. _But_ and _as_ are sometimes relative p.r.o.nouns. There are, also, compound relative p.r.o.nouns, which will be mentioned later.

24. _Who_ (with its possessive and objective forms, _whose_ and _whom_) should be used when the antecedent denotes persons. When the antecedent denotes things or animals, _which_ should be used.

_That_ may be used with antecedents denoting persons, animals or things, and is the proper relative to use when the antecedent includes both persons and things. _What_, when used as a relative, seldom properly refers to persons. It always introduces a substantive clause, and is equivalent to _that which_; as, _It is WHAT (that which) he wants_.

25. _That_ is known as the RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE, because it should be used whenever the relative clause limits the substantive, unless _who_ or _which_ is of more pleasing sound in the sentence. In the sentence, _He is the man THAT DID THE ACT_, the relative clause, _that did the act_, defines what is meant by man; without the relative clause the sentence clearly would be incomplete. Similarly, in the sentence, _The book THAT I WANT is that red-backed history_, the restrictive relative clause is, _that I want_, and limits the application of _book_.

26. _Who_ and _which_ are known as the EXPLANATORY or NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVES, and should be used ordinarily only to introduce relative clauses which add some new thought to the author's princ.i.p.al thought.

_Spanish, WHICH IS THE LEAST COMPLEX LANGUAGE, is the easiest to learn_. In this sentence the princ.i.p.al thought is, _Spanish is the easiest language to learn_. The relative clause, _which is the least complex language_, is a thought, which, though not fully so important as the princ.i.p.al thought, is more nearly coordinate than subordinate in its value. It adds an additional thought of the speaker explaining the character of the Spanish language. When _who_ and _which_ are thus used as explanatory relatives, we see that the relative clause may be omitted without making the sentence incomplete.

Compare the following sentences:

Explanatory relative clause: That book, _which is about history_, has a red cover.

Restrictive relative clause: The book _that is about history_ has a red cover.

Explanatory relative clause: Lincoln, _who was one of the world's greatest men_, was killed by Booth.

Restrictive relative clause: The Lincoln _that was killed by Booth_ was one of the world's greatest men.

NOTE.--See --111, for rule as to the punctuation of relative clauses.

27. INTERROGATIVE p.r.o.nOUNS. An Interrogative p.r.o.noun is a p.r.o.noun used to ask a question. The interrogative p.r.o.nouns are, _who_ (_whose, whom_), _which_, and _what_. In respect to antecedents, _who_ should be used only in reference to persons; _which_ and _what_ may be used with any antecedent, persons, animals, or things.

EXERCISE 10

_Choose the proper relative or interrogative p.r.o.noun to be inserted in each of the following sentences. Insert commas where they are needed._ (_See_ --111):

1. The kindly physician ---- was so greatly loved is dead.

2. This is the man ---- all are praising.

3. John ---- is my coachman is sick.

4. The intelligence ---- he displayed was remarkable.

5. Intelligence ---- he had hitherto not manifested now showed its presence.

6. He maintains that the book ---- you used is now ruined.

(Does _which_ or _that_ have the more pleasing sound here?) 7. The pleasure ---- education gives the man ---- has it is a sufficient reward for the trouble ---- it has cost.

8. That man ---- wears a cap is a foreigner.

9. The best hotel is the one ---- is nearest the station.

10. Who is it ---- is worthy of that honor?

11. The carriages and the drivers ---- you ordered yesterday have arrived.

12. ---- thing is it ---- you want?