Hand Craft Part 4

NO. 12. PAPER-KNIFE.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 7, 12, 8, 9, 10, 22, 16, 6, 23, 13, and 24.)

Cut from Beech a very straight-grained piece, 14 in. long, 2 in. wide, and 3/8 in. thick. Plane one side and one edge at right angles. Then, on the planed side, to the size and shape indicated, draw the whole of Fig.

1 of drawings No. 12, letting the straight edge serve as the line from _A_ to _B_. With the smaller turning saw cut round all the curved parts, carefully adhering to the drawn figure. Then gauge all round for thickness, as shown in Fig. 2, plane the rough side down to the gauge lines, and with the knife trim the curved edges where required. With the set gauge, mark the centre of the straight edge from _A_ to _B_, and guided by that centre, pare down each corner of the straight edge, so as to make a straight chamfer on each side about 1/8 in. wide, terminating with a sharp edge at the place where the gauge line was drawn, as shown in Fig. 2. Pare down the corners of both chamfers, and pare each side symmetrically, so as to produce a blade gradually diminis.h.i.+ng throughout from a back 3/16 in. thick to a sharp edge. Then pare down the end of the back to a lancet-shaped point, as shown in Fig. 2. Round the corners of both edges of the handle, so as to make them symmetrical throughout, and also pare the corners of the back of the blade so as to round it on both sides very slightly. File judiciously with a light hand where required, and then, for the first time using the sc.r.a.per, complete the blade with great care by sc.r.a.ping, finis.h.i.+ng as usual with sand-paper.

NO. 14. BOWL FOR TOILETTE, &C.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 7, 12, 8, 9, 10, 15, 26, 13, 28, 29, 6, and 24.)

This model is shown in the perspective Fig. 1 of drawings No. 14.

Commence for it by cutting from Beech a piece about 5 in. long, 3 in.

wide, and 1-1/4 in. thick. Plane one side and one edge at right angles.

Then gauge for a thickness of 1 in. and plane the rough side to the gauge lines. Determine by choice which side shall be the bottom of the bowl and which the top. Find the centre of the bottom side by drawing the lines from _A_ to _B_ and from _C_ to _D_ as shown in Fig. 2. Repeat these lines on the edges and top side, using the try square. Then, on the bottom side, with compa.s.ses and square, draw the whole of the figures const.i.tuting the entire diagram shown by Fig. 2, and on the top side draw freehand the larger oval or ellipse diagram shown by Fig. 3, being guided by the points of the guide-lines first drawn for the purpose.

Then, with the turning saw, cut round by the line of the ellipse on the top side, and finish the edge square with chisel and file. Then, with finger and pencil, mark a line about 1/8 in. inside the outer edge all round the larger ellipse. With a 7/8-in. gouge cut out the centre so as to form the inside of the bowl, the depth and shape being shown by the dotted lines of Fig 4. Having so symmetrically shaped the inside and made it as smooth as the gouge is capable of, with the round end of the sc.r.a.per dress as smoothly as possible, and finish with sand-paper, before proceeding with the bottom side.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 12._

_Paper Knife_]

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 14._

_Bowl for toilette or writing table_]

To complete the bottom side, leave the ellipse in the centre untouched, and from its outline to the outer edge of the lip of the bowl, shave with the knife so as to produce in all directions a curve corresponding to those at each end of Fig. 4. Take a shaving off the flat bottom with the smoothing plane, so as to remove the compa.s.s marks. Then file judiciously and lightly where required, sc.r.a.pe perfectly smooth, and finish with sand-paper.

[***] This No. 14 is a very interesting study and a keen test of application, care, and skill, anything like carelessness being sure to leave its tell-tale marks.

NO. 15. HAMMER-HANDLE.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 7, 12, 8, 9, 22, 30, 4, 31, 2, 13, and 24.)

This study exercises ability in the mastery of elliptical lines, and in the use of the spokeshave in Exercises 30 and 31.

Cut from Beech a piece about 13 in. long, 1-1/2 in. wide, and 1-1/4 in.

thick. Plane one side and one edge at right angles. On the smooth side thus produced, with the pencil sketch throughout the whole of Fig. 1 of drawings No. 15. Then, with the turning saw, cut at right angles to the curved lines on both edges throughout, and finish the shaping with the spokeshave, taking care to maintain right angles. Then, on one of the edges, with pencil, sketch throughout the whole of Fig. 2, and, with saw and spokeshave, shape both sides in unison with that sketch, still carefully maintaining right angles throughout. Then, with the knife, shave off the corners so as to make four symmetrical chamfers throughout. Then, with the spokeshave, remove the corners of the chamfers, and proceed with the paring down until the required symmetrical elliptical shape is arrived at, as shown by Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Saw across at right angles at each end to the exact length, and finish with file, sc.r.a.per, and sand-paper.

NO. 16. HANDLE FOR CHISEL OR FILE.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 33, 18, 6, 2, 13, and 24.)

From Beech cut a piece 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, and 1-1/4 in. thick.

Plane one side and one edge at right angles. Gauge for greatest width shown from _A_ to _B_ in Fig. 1 of drawings No. 16, and also for greatest thickness shown by _A_ to _B_ in Fig. 2. Plane the rough side and edge down to the respective gauge lines, thus producing a piece of equal thickness throughout, with the sides and edges at right angles.

Saw across one end at right angles. On the face thus produced on that end sketch Fig. 3 complete. Fit a 1/4-in. Bit to the Brace and bore a hole in the centre of the same end to the depth shown by the dotted lines in the upper part of Fig. 1. Plane from _A_ to _C_ and from _B_ to _D_, thus slightly tapering the sides and edges, but maintaining right angles throughout. Measure from the thin flat end and mark the length of 5 in. Then, from the centre of the line _A_ to _B_ of Fig. 1, describe a semicircle on each side as shown at bottom of Fig. 1. With turning saw and chisel, shape each side of that end to the semicircle. Then plane off the angles so far as to make the shape in unison throughout with Fig. 3, presenting sides corresponding to Fig. 1, and edges corresponding to Fig. 2. Then complete the shape of the thick end with knife, as shown in Fig. 2, and finish with file, sc.r.a.per, and sand-paper.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 15._

_Hammer Handle_]

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 16._

_Chisel Handle_]

NO. 17. SPOON.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 19, 12, 8, 9, 10, 32, 22, 29, 14, 15, 26, 13, 2, 8, 6, 24, 16, and 1.)

From very carefully selected Beech cut a piece 10 in. long, 2-1/2 in.

wide, and 1-3/4 in. thick. Plane one side and one edge at right angles.

Sketch on the flat edge the complete outline of Fig. 1 of drawings No.

17. With the turning saw, cut to the outline at right angles on the upper side only, completing with chisel and file. On the shaped side thus produced, make a centre line as shown in Fig. 2, then the cross lines. Then, with compa.s.ses as guides and checks, mark the outlines of the handle shown in Fig. 2, and, with freehand, sketch the ellipse. With bits and brace drill a 7/8-in. hole right through at each centre marked _b_, and a 5/8-in. hole at each centre marked _c_. Then, with the turning saw, cut to the outline at right angles throughout, completing the process with gouge, knife, and file. Then, in the manner described for making the inside of No. 14, make the inside of the Spoon in unison with the dotted curve of Fig. 1.

The inside of the Spoon being thus completed, proceed with the outside.

Mark on the edge the outline _d d d d d_ for the under side of the spoon. With the turning saw, cut out to that outline, and round with the knife, as shown in the sections of Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Take care to keep carefully outside the lines when cutting with the knife, and apply the file, sc.r.a.per, and sand-paper for finis.h.i.+ng.

[***] The under part of the spoon is a capital exercise in modelling with the knife, and, if one process is completed before the next is commenced, requires no more than ordinary application and care.

NO. 18. CHOPPING-BOARD.

(Requiring Exercises 5, 12, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 26, 34, 13, 25, and 24.)

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 17._

_Spoon._]

This especially involves straight and square planing. Cut from Deal a piece 20 in. long, 6-1/2 in. wide, and 1 in. thick. Plane one side perfectly level and one edge perfectly straight at right angles. Gauge and mark for width at 5-3/4 in. Find and mark the centre line _A_ to _B_ in Fig. 1 of drawings No. 18. Set the compa.s.ses to a radius from _A_ to _B_, and describe, with _A_ for the centre, the semicircle shown at the top of the Fig. Fit a 1-in. Centre-bit to the Brace, and drill a hole with _A_ for the centre, taking care that it goes vertically through at right angles, and that there is no splitting when the bit is nearly through. With the small turning saw, cut round the semicircle at right angles, and, with the chisel, shave off and round the two corners that spring from the semicircle, also at right angles. Then, measuring from the centre of the rounded end at _B_, mark the entire length at 16-7/8 in., and, with the tenon saw, cut off at the mark at right angles. Then shave and round at right angles the two bottom corners. Plane the bottom edge smooth, and file the edges where necessary. Set the gauge at 3/4 in., mark with it the edge all round for thickness, and plane the rough side down to the mark, perfectly level throughout. Then, with the smoothing plane, take a thin shaving from the first side, merely enough to remove the marks, taking care to maintain an accurate level. Finish throughout with sand-paper.

[***] The object of deferring the planing of the second side until so late a period, is that, at the same time, minute chipping and roughness of edge on that side, almost certain to result from the boring and sawing, are at the same time disposed of.

NO. 19. HALF-YARD MEASURE.

(In the original Sloyd model this is a half-metre measure.)

(Requiring Exercises 5, 7, 12, 8, 9, 10, 25, 30, 15, 16, 6, 2, 13, and 24.)

Select from Beech an exceptionally straight-grained piece 24 in. long, 1-1/4 in. wide, and 3/4 in. thick. Plane one side and one edge at right angles, both scrupulously straight and even; then gauge, mark to a nicety for 1-1/8 in. wide and 1/2 in. thick, and plane to the gauge marks with great exact.i.tude, thus producing a four-cornered rod of uniform size throughout. Saw across one end at right angles. Measure from that cut end, mark the length of 18 in., and saw across at the mark. Then set the gauge precisely at 7/8 in., and, pa.s.sing it along each edge, mark on both sides for the lines _a_ to _b_ in Fig. 1 of drawings No. 19, continuing the lines from end to end of the entire rod.

Then, with the square, mark across the place for _a a_, and there saw a slit on each side down to the gauge line. Then proceed to the first exercise in Obstacle Planing (No. 25.) Thus, pa.s.s the smooth plane along each edge from _b_ to _a_, as far as the obstacle of the corner will allow. Of course the planing cannot be continued into the corners, but, whatever is left by the plane must be got out by the chisel and file.

Then, on each side, sketch for the handle, as shown in Fig. 1, the gauge line, previously there, forming part of the sketch. Then, with the turning-saw, cut out to the sketch and gauge lines. With the knife, make the chamfers shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Then shave the corners and round the end of the handle, as shown in Fig. 1. File and sc.r.a.pe lightly where required, and finish with sand-paper.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _No. 18._

_Knife or Chopping Board._]