The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 17

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Por. Pro.

"Por" means "for, in order to, for the purpose of, for the benefit of", as "Li acxetis inkon por skribi", He bought ink in order to write. Por is one of the three prepositions used before verbs in the Infinitive.

"Pro" means "for, because of, on account of, for the sake of" (cause), as "Li demandis sxin, pro kio sxi ploras", He asked her, for what (reason or cause) she weeps.

"Por" looks "forward" to the aim or purpose of the action, to that which comes after the action, while "pro" looks "back" to what came before the action and caused it to be done, as "Mi mangxas" pro "malsato" por "vivi", I eat because of hunger in order to live.

VOCABULARY.



ofico : office. vend- : sell.

mastro : master. konvink- : convince.

kafo : coffee. kontenta : content, pleased.

bieno : property. sata : satiated.

kauxzo : cause.

Li sin kuracis por resanigxi. Sxi havis multege por rakonti. Li iris en la pregxejon, por fari la konfeson. Por iel pasigi la tempon. Neniu pli bone tauxgas por sia ofico, ol li. Li uzis cxiajn siajn fortojn por kontentigi sian mastron. Por mi estas tute egale, kie ajn mi logxas.

Prenu (la pagon) por la kafo.

Li mortis pro (aux, de) malsato. Mi havis tre bonan bienon, kiu estis vendita pro sxuldoj. Pro la cxielo, ne faru tion cxi. Li estis konvinkita, ke li pro si ne devas timi. Pro tio cxi Venus lumas pli forte, ol multaj aliaj steloj. Cxu pro tio, aux cxu pro ia alia kauxzo, mi ne scias.

LESSON 38.

Pri. Laux.

"Pri" means "concerning, in regard to, about", as "Ni parolis pri nia amiko", We spoke about or concerning our friend.

"Pripensi", to think about, to consider. "Priparoli", to speak about.

"Priskribi", to describe.

"Laux" means "according to, in accordance with", as "Laux mia opinio", According to (or, in) my opinion.

"Lauxlonge", lengthways.

VOCABULARY.

konko : sh.e.l.l afero : affair, matter.

komando : command. honesteco : honesty.

eksterajxo : exterior. konvena : suitable, proper, portreto : portrait. respectable.

boneco : goodness. songx- : dream.

fojo : time. sxajn- : seem, appear.

Sxi volis kredi, ke la hebreo parolas pri iu alia. Nun la virino havas cxion, sxi pri nenio povas peti. Pri tio cxi ne pensu. Tion oni vere ne povas diri pri vi. Estis ankoraux multaj aferoj, pri kiuj ili volis scii. Li ne povis ecx songxi pri sxi. Sxi demandadis pri tio la maljunan avinon.

Mi restas tie cxi laux la ordono de mia estro. Li ekiris laux tiu cxi rivero. Ili havis la permeson supreniri cxiufoje laux sia volo.

Sxi povis laux sia placxo fosi kaj planti. La konkoj sin fermas kaj malfermas laux la fluo de la akvo. Laux sia eksterajxo li sxajnis konvena h.o.m.o. Laux la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon. La pli juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro laux sia boneco kaj honesteco.

LESSON 39.

Kontraux. Anstataux. Krom.

"Kontraux" means "against, opposite", or "in opposition to" as "Li kuragxe batalis kune kun ni kontraux niaj malamikoj", He courageously fought with us against our enemies. It is also used in the sense of "overlooking", as "La fenestro kontraux la strato", The window overlooking the street; and of "facing", as "Vizagxo kontraux vizagxo", Face to face. "Kontrauxdiri", to contradict.

"Anstataux" means "instead of, in the place" of, as "Mi iris Londonon anstataux Parizon", I went to London instead of to Paris. "Mi iris hieraux anstataux morgaux", I went yesterday instead of to-morrow.

"Anstataux piediri, li veturis", Instead of going on foot, he drove.

"Anstatauxi", to take (or, be in) the place of; "anstatauxigi", to put in the place of, to replace (by).

"Krom" means "not including, in addition to, besides", as "En la cxambro estis neniu krom li", In the room there was n.o.body except him. "La knabo estas granda, kaj krom tio, li estas bona". The boy is tall, and besides that, he is good.

VOCABULARY.

rimedo : a means, remedy. sukero : sugar.

kutimo : custom. kremo : cream.

profesoro : professor, prepozicio : preposition.

reflektoro : reflector. vokalo : vowel.

fiancxo : betrothed. abomeno : disgust.

flanko : side. ordinara : ordinary.

teo : tea.

Vi havas rimedojn kontraux cxiuj malsanoj. Kion povas fari li sola kontraux cent h.o.m.oj? Kontraux sia kutimo, la profesoro nenion diris. Gxi flugis kontraux la reflektoron. Kontraux sia propra volo sxi tion cxi konfesis. Li eksentis ian abomenon kontraux si. La kontrauxa flanko. Ili sidigxis unu kontraux la alia. Sxi estis maljusta kontraux li. Kontraux la ordinaro, la nombro de la dancantoj estis granda.

Anstataux li, oni sendis lian fraton. Anstataux eliri, li restis en la domo. Okulo anstataux okulo, kaj dento anstataux dento. Anstataux kafo li donis al mi teon kun sukero sed sen kremo. Anstataux "la" oni povas ankaux diri "l'" (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finigxas per vokalo).

En la salono staris neniu krom li kaj lia fiancxino. Krom la malplena teksilo nenio estis. Krom ni mem, ni havis tre malmulte por enporti. Sxi volis havi, krom la rugxaj floroj, nur unu belan statuon. Cxiuj dormis, krom la direktilisto apud sia direktilo. Krom la membroj alveturas multe da gastoj.

LESSON 40.

Malgraux. Spite. Po. Je.

"Malgraux" means "in spite of", "notwithstanding", as "Li sukcesis malgraux cxio", He succeeded in spite of everything.

"Spite" is a stronger expression than "malgraux"; it means in defiance of all opposition, despite, as "Li faris tion, spite la malpermeso", He did that, in spite of being forbidden.

"Po" means "at the rate of", as "Mi acxetis dekduon da ovoj po unu penco", I bought a dozen eggs at (the rate of) a penny (each).

"Poduone", by halves. "Po grande", wholesale; "po malgrande", retail.

As already said (see Lesson 26), "je" is the only preposition which has no meaning of its own. It is used when a preposition is needed, and none of the others properly expresses the idea, as "La krucxo estas plena je"

(or, "de") "akvo", The jug is full of water. "Mi enuas je la hejmo", I am tired of home.

VOCABULARY.

mastrumajxo : household affairs. honoro : honour.

fungo : mushroom. libereco : freedom, liberty.

The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 17

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The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 17 summary

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