The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 3

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LESSON 2.

Every "describing" word, that is, every word which tells the kind or quality of a person or thing, ends in "a," as "granda", large; "rugxa", red.

(A describing word is called an ADJECTIVE).

VOCABULARY.

bEla : beautiful. jUna : young.



blAnka : white. matUra : mature, ripe.

blUa : blue. nOva : new.

bOna : good. nUtra : nutritious.

fidEla : faithful. pUra : pure, clean.

fOrta : strong. rIcxa : rich.

frEsxa : fresh. sAna : well (healthy).

cxiElo : sky, heaven. nEgxo : snow.

fEsto : holiday. pAno : bread.

frauxlIno : maiden lady, Miss papEro : paper.

h.o.m.o : man (human being). tAblo : table.

hUndo : dog. vIno : wine.

infAno : child. Onklo : uncle.

JohAno : John. pli : more.

kajEro : exercise book. ol : than.

lAkto : milk. sed : but.

mAno : hand. tre : very.

La patro estas sana. Infano ne estas matura h.o.m.o. La cxielo estas blua.

Leono estas forta. La patro estas bona. La mano de Johano estas pura.

Papero estas blanka. Blanka papero kusxas sur la tablo. Jen estas la kajero de la juna frauxlino. Sur la cxielo staras la bela suno. La papero estas tre blanka, sed la negxo estas pli blanka. Lakto estas pli nutra, ol vino. La pano estas fresxa. La onklo estas pli ricxa, ol la frato. Jen kusxas rugxa rozo. La hundo estas tre fidela. La libro estas nova.

LESSON 3.

When the name (noun) is required to denote more than one of the persons or things for which it stands, "j" is added to it, as "rozoj", roses; "kolomboj", pigeons; and then every "describing" word (adjective) which belongs to it must also have "j", as "rugxaj rozoj", red roses; "la kolomboj estas belaj", the pigeons are beautiful.

(When the noun stands for "more than one," it is said to be PLURAL. "j"

is the sign of the plural).

VOCABULARY.

jAro : year. agrAbla : agreeable, pleasant.

kAnto : song. Akra : sharp.

knAbo : boy. delikAta : delicate.

lilIo : lily. flUgas : fly, flies.

trancxIlo : knife. diligenta : diligent.

dento : tooth.

lUndo : Monday. vendrEdo : Friday.

mArdo : Tuesday. sabAto : Sat.u.r.day.

merkrEdo : Wednesday. dimAncxo : Sunday.

jxAUXdo : Thursday.

La birdoj flugas. La kanto de la birdoj estas agrabla. Kie estas la knaboj? La patroj estas sanaj. Infanoj ne estas maturaj h.o.m.oj. Leonoj estas fortaj. La manoj de Johano estas puraj. Jen estas la kajeroj de la junaj frauxlinoj. La onkloj estas pli ricxaj, ol la fratoj. La hundoj estas tre fidelaj. Blankaj paperoj kusxas sur la tablo. En la cxambro estas novaj cxapeloj. Kie estas la akraj trancxiloj? Bonaj infanoj estas diligentaj. Jen kusxas puraj, blankaj, delikataj lilioj. La dentoj de leonoj estas akraj.

LESSON 4.

mi : I. ni : we, ci : thou. vi : you.

li : he. ili : they.

sxi : she. si (see Lesson 7).

gxi : it oni : one, they, people.

(The above words are called p.r.o.nOUNS because they are used instead of repeating the noun).

By adding "a" the p.r.o.nouns are made to denote a quality, in this case possession, as "mia libro", my book; "via pomo", your apple; "ilia infano", their child.

mia : my, mine. nia : our, ours.

cia : thy, thine. via : your, yours, lia : his. ilia : their, theirs.

sxia : her, hers. sia (see Lesson 7), gxia : its.

When the name to which these "p.r.o.noun-adjectives" belong is plural they must of course take "j", as "miaj libroj", my books; "viaj pomoj", your apples; "iliaj infanoj", their children.

In speaking of relations and parts of the body "la" is often used instead of "mia", "lia", etc., as "La filo staras apud la patro", The son stands by the (his) father.

For "mine," "ours," etc., "mia", "nia", etc., may be used either with or without "la", as "La libro estas mia", or "La libro estas la mia", The book is mine.

"Oni" is used for "one, they, people", when these words are indefinite in meaning, as in the sentences:--Here one can speak fearlessly, "Tie cxi oni povas maltime paroli", They say that he is rich, "Oni diras, ke li estas ricxa", People often eat too quickly, "Oni ofte mangxas tro rapide."

VOCABULARY.

Avo : grandfather. vEnkas : conquers.

amIko : friend. mAngxi : to eat.

gxardEno : garden gxentIla : polite.

knabIno : girl. silEnte : silently.

rUso : Russian. kIu : who, which (that).

sinjOro gentleman, Mr., Sir. cxIu : each one, every.

vEro : truth. cxIuj : all, all the.

vEnas : comes. la plej : the most.

Iras : goes. tIel : as, so.

lEgas : reads. kIel : as.

skrIbas : writes. nun : now.

plOras : cry, cries. Ankaux : also.

vOlas : wills, wishes. cxIam : always.

dIras : says. el : out of.

sIdas : sits. cxar : because, for.

Mi legas. Vi skribas. Li estas knabo, kaj sxi estas knabino. Ni estas h.o.m.oj. Vi estas infanoj. Ili estas rusoj. Kie estas la knaboj? Ili estas en la gxardeno, Kie estas la knabinoj? Ili ankaux estas en la gxardeno.

The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 3

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