ISIS: The State of Terror Part 14

53."Amir of the Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham," translated by Pieter Van Ostaeyen, http://pietervanostaeyen.wordpress.com/2013/07/15/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-a-short-biography-of-the-isis-sheikh/, last modified July 7, 2013; a.s.sociated Press, "Mosul Video Purports to Show Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, Head of Islamic State," Guardian, July 5, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/06/mosul-video-purports-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-islamic-state; Martin Chulov, "Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Emerges from Shadows to Rally Islamist Followers," Guardian, July 6, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/06/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-isis.

54.Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 2002), xii.

55."Iraq PM Calls Emergency after Mosul Seized," Al Jazeera, June 10, 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraq-calls-emergency-after-rebels-seize-mosul-2014610121410596821.html.

56.A more detailed discussion of content can be found in Chapter 5.

57.Patrick Kingsley, "Who Is Behind Isis's Terrifying Online Propaganda Operation?" Guardian, June 23, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/23/who-behind-isis-propaganda-operation-iraq.

58.Mosnen, JustPaste File Upload, justpaste.it/Mosnen, accessed September 20, 2014; "Nursing Homes in the State of Nineveh," forum post, http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=383739, accessed September 20, 2014.

59.Abu Naji, The Management of Savagery, translated by Will McCants, http://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pa.s.s.pdf, 51.

60.Anwar al-`Awlaqi, "Constants on the Path of Jihad," audio lecture, 2005; J. M Berger, "The Enduring Appeal of Al-`Awlaqi's 'Constants on the Path of Jihad,'" CTC Sentinel 4, no. 10 (2011): 1214.

CHAPTER 4. THE FOREIGN FIGHTERS.

1."Eid Greetings from the Land of Khilafah," video, August 2014.

2.William McCants, "Militant Ideology Atlas," Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, November 1, 2006, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/militant-ideology-atlas, 44, 47.

3.The gun, a World War IIera MP40, was likely a toy or a replica. Aside from its antiquity, the weight would probably have been too great for a small child. Other children in the video brandished guns that were clearly toys.

4.Megan Specia, "Westerners Among Knife-Wielding Militants in ISIS Beheading Video," Mashable.com, November 17, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/11/17/foreign-fighters-isis-video/; "Danish Jihadist 'Possibly' in ISIS Beheading Video," Local Denmark, November 18, 2014, http://www.thelocal.dk/20141118/danish-jihadist-possibly-in-new-isis-video; Jenny Booth and Charles Bremner, "Security Services Race to Identify ISIS Killers," Times (London), November 17, 2014, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4270040.ece.

5.Joshua Holland, "Why Have a Record Number of Westerners Joined the Islamic State?" BillMoyers.com, October 10, 2014, http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/.

6.Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, "Foreign Fighter in Iraq and Syria: Where Do They Come From?" infograph, http://www.rferl.org/contentinfographics/infographics/26584940.html, accessed December 11, 2014.

7.Mohanad Hage Ali, "Meet ISIS's New Breed of Chechen Militants," Al Arabiya, August 31, 2014.

8.Scott Pelly, "FBI Director: We Know the Americans Fighting in Syria," video, produced by Robert Anderson and Pat Milton, October 5, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-director-james-comey-we-know-the-americans-fighting-in-syria/; "FBI Tracking 150 Americans Who Traveled to Syria, Perhaps to Fight," Reuters, November 18, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-usa-fbi-syria-idUSKCN0J22HG20141118; "Intel Believes 300 Americans Fighting with Islamic State, Posing Threat to US," Was.h.i.+ngton Times, August 26, 2014, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/26/us-citizens-joining-islamic-state-pose-major-threa/?page=all.

9."FBI Director: Americans Fighting in Syria Hard to Track," CBS News, August 11, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-director-americans-fighting-in-syria-hard-to-track/.

10.Data collected from Facebook and Twitter, December 2013November 2014.

11.Harriet Alexander, "Jihadists in Syria Write Home to France: My iPod is Broken, I Want to Come Back," The Telegraph, December 2, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11268208/Jihadists-in-Syria-write-home-to-France-My-iPod-is-broken.-I-want-to-come-back.html.

12."Two Thousand Britons Fighting with Terrorists in Iraq and Syria," Sunday Telegraph, November 23, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11248114/Muslim-MP-2000-Britons-fighting-for-Islamic-State.html.

13.Patrick Wintour, "Jihadis Who Travel to Syria Could Be Barred from UK Return for Two Years," Guardian, November 14, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/13/british-jihadis-syria-bar-from-uk-two-years; Martin Robinson, "The Homegrown Jihadists Fighting for ISIS: How one in four foreigners who have signed up for Islamic State is British-and how half of them are ALREADY back in the UK," Daily Mail, August 21, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2730602/The-homegrown-jihadists-fighting-ISIS-How-one-four-foreigners-signed-Islamic-State-British-half-ALREADY-UK.html.

14.David Fitzpatrick and Drew Griffin, "Canadians Have Joined ISIS to Fight-and Die-in Syria," CNN World, September 10, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/10/world/canada-isis-jihadists/; "Germany's Intelligence Chief Says at Least 550 Germans in IS Ranks," Radio Free Europe, November 25, 2014, http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic-state-550-germans/26706500.html.

15.Richard Barrett, "Foreign Fighters in Syria," Soufan Group, 2014, http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf.

16.Audrey Hamilton, "Speaking Psychology: Getting into a Terrorist's Mind," American Psychological a.s.sociation, video, http://www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/terrorist-mind.aspx.

17.For widely cited examples, see the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Atlas-ResearchCompendium1.pdf. Hal al-umma alislamiyyawa'lirhaba l-mafqud by Abu `Umar al-Sayf; Abdullah Azzam, the Defense of Muslim Lands; The State of the Ummah (lecture by Anwar Awlaki not the AQ video).

18.Erin Banco, "Why Do People Join ISIS? The Psychology of a Terrorist," International Business Times, September 5, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/why-do-people-join-isis-psychology-terrorist-1680444.

19.Scott Atran with Lydia Wilson, Richard Davis, and Hammad Sheikh, "The Devoted Actor, Sacred Values and Willingness to Fight-Preliminary Studies with ISIL Volunteers and Kurdish Frontline Fighters," Executive Summary prepared for Senate Armed Services Committee, unpublished ma.n.u.script, November 2014.

20.Scott Atran with Lydia Wilson, Richard Davis, Hammad Sheikh, The Devoted Actor, Sacred Values, and Willingness to Fight: Preliminary Studies with ISIL Volunteers and Kurdish Frontline Fighters, ARTIS Research, The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan & The Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict, University of Oxford, 2014), 3, http://artisresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Atran_Soccnet_MINERVA_ISIS.pdf.

21.Scott Atran, Hammad Sheikh, and Angel Gomez, "Devoted Actors Sacrifice for Close Comrades and Sacred Cause," commentary, PNAS Early Edition; Charlotte Kathe, "A Summary of ICSR Event in Parliament with Professor Peter Neumann," October 21, 2014, http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/blog/charlotte-kathe-a-summary-of-icsr-event-in-parliament-with-professor-peter-neumann/, accessed December 9, 2014.

22."Up to 30 British Jihadists Now Dead in Syria but Toll Will Rise with ISIL Lure," Syria HR, October 16, 2014, http://syriahr.com/en/2014/10/up-to-30-british-jihadists-now-dead-in-syria-but-toll-will-rise-with-isil-lure/.

23.Miriam Elder and Adrian Carrasquillo, "This Foreign Fighter in Syria IS Terrifyingly Good at the Internet," Buzzfeed, November 22, 2013, http://www.buzzfeed.com/miriamelder/this-foreign-fighter-in-syria-is-terrifyingly-good-at-the-in.

24.http://ask.fm/ijaman08, accessed December 2013.

25.http://ask.fm/ab.u.muhajir1, accessed December 2013 and January 2014.

26.Tweets collected January 2014.

27.al-Ghuraba, The Chosen Few of Different Lands: Ab? Muslim from Canada, video, July 2014.

28.Michael S. Schmidt, "Canadian Killed in Syria Lives On as Pitchman for Jihadis," New York Times, July 15, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/world/middleeast/isis-uses-andre-poulin-a-canadian-convert-to-islam-in-recruitment-video.html?_r=0.

29.Robin Young and Jeremy Hobson, "ISIS Advertises for Oil Industry Managers," Here & Now, NPR Boston, (radio), November 19, 2014, http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2014/11/19/isis-oil-jobs.

30.William McCants, "Islamic State Invokes Prophecy to Justify Its Claim to Caliphate," Brookings Inst.i.tution, November 5, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/2014/11/05-islamic-state-prophecy-justify-caliphate-mccants.

31.Data collected from Twitter, August and September 2014.

32.Suzanne Evans, Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs: World War I and the Politics of Grief (Monreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007), 3334.

33.Data collected from Twitter, September 2013November 2014.

34.Kathy Gilsinan, "The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women," Atlantic, July 25, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/.

35.Aqsa blog, March 7, 2013.

36.Ibid., March 10, 2013.

37.Ibid., March 12, 2013.

38."Scottish Women Who Married ISIS Fighter 'Wants to Become a Martyr,'" Guardian, September 6, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/06/scottish-woman-married-isis-fighter-martyr-aqsa-mahmood-CMP=twt_gu.

39.Khaleda Rahman, " 'I Will Only Come Back to Britain to Raise the Black Flag," Daily Mail, September 11, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2752957/I-come-Britain-raise-black-flag-Jihadist-warning-Wests-Muslims-rejects-appeal-return.html.

40.Mia Bloom, "How the Islamic State Is Recruiting Western Teen Girls," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, PostEverything blog, October 9, 2014, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/10/09/how-the-islamic-state-is-recruiting-western-teen-girls/.

41.Corey Charlton, "We Made a Big Mistake," Daily Mail, October 10, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2788605/Teenage-Austrian-poster-girls-ISIS-moved-Syria-live-jihadis-pregnant-want-come-home-officials-say-impossible.html.

42.Arwa Damon and Gul Tuysuz, "How She Went from a Schoolteacher to an ISIS Member," CNN World, October 6, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-female-fighter/.

43."Race Toward Good," video, November 22, 2014.

44.Rita Katz, "The Overlooked Goal of the Islamic State's Beheading Video: Recruitment," Insite Blog on Terrorism & Extremism, August 2014, http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/about-us/21-jihad/4418-the-overlooked-goal-of-the-islamic-state-s-beheading-video-recruitment?start=120.

45.Zenia Karam and Vivian Salama, "Islamic State Group Recruits, Exploits Children, Yahoo News, November 23, 2014, http://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-group-recruits-exploits-children-110950193.html.

46.Liz Sly, "Despite boasts, ISIS failing in attempt at state-building," The Was.h.i.+ngton Post, December 26, 2014, http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2014/12/26/despite-boasts-isis-failing-attempt-state-building/zr1jz0NHRbViNMW7esFNWI/story.html; Kevin Sullivan and Karla Adams, "Hoping to Create a New Society, the Islamic State Recruits Entire Families," The Was.h.i.+ngton Post, December 24, 2014, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/world/national-security/hoping-to-create-a-new-homeland-the-islamic-state-recruits-entire-families/2014/12/24/dbffceec-8917-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html.

47."Three Iraqis Arrested in Switzerland, Suspected of Planning Attack," Reuters, October 31, 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/31/uk-mideast-crisis-switzerland-idUKKBN0IK19I20141031; Gianluca Mezzofiore, "Switzerland: Iraqi ISIS Cell Arrested for Planning Terror Attack," International Business Times, September 24, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/switzerland-iraqi-isis-cell-arrested-planning-terror-attack-1466994.

48.Sylvie Corbet and Lori Hinnant, "French Ex-Hostage Says Tortured in Syria by Brussels Shooting Suspect Mehdi Nemmouche," World Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/06/mehdi-nemmouche-syria_n_5777064.html, last updated November 6, 2014.

49."Malaysia 'Foiled' Attack Plots by ISIS-Inspired Militants," Daily Star Lebanon, August 20, 2014, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-20/267773-malaysia-foiled-attack-plots-by-isis-inspired-militants.ashx#axzz3AtRUMqbA.

50.Ben Quinn, "London Teenager Charged with Preparing to Commit Acts of Terrorism," Guardian, August 21, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/aug/21/teenager-remanded-terrorism-charge-brustchom-ziamani.

51.Madeline Grant, "Two Teenage Girls Arrested over French Synagogue Suicide Bomb Plot," Newsweek, August 29, 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/two-teenage-girls-arrested-over-french-synagogue-suicide-bomb-plot-267523.

52."Raids Fail to Deter Terrorist Recruiter Mohammad Ali Baryalei," Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/raids-fail-to-deter-terrorist-recruiter-mohammad-ali-baryalei/story-e6frg8yo-1227099143028.

53.Abu Muhammad al Adnani, "Indeed Your Lord Is Ever Watchful," speech, September 21, 2014.

54.Leela Jacinto, "Jund al-Khalifa: The IS-linked Group That Shot into the Spotlight," France 24, September 25, 2014, http://www.france24.com/en/20140923-terrorism-france-algeria-jund-al-khalifa-kidnapping-islamic-state/; "Jund al-Khilafah in Algeria Beheads French Hostage," Insite Blog on Terrorism and Extremism, September 24, 2014, http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/entry/289-jund-al-khilafah-in-algeria-beheads-french-hostage-in-video.

55."Terror Suspect Abdul Numan Haider Continued to Stab Fallen Officer: Inquest," ABC News, October 3, 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-03/abdul-numan-haider-continued-to-stab-police-officer-inquest/5787788; Hilary Whiteman, "Lone Wolf? Australian Police Shoot Dead Teen 'Terror Suspect,'" CNN World, September 25, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/australia-terror-shooting-laws/index.html.

56.Mark Gollom and Tracey Linderman, "Who Is Martin Couture-Rouleau," CBC News Canada, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/who-is-martin-couture-rouleau-1.2807285, last updated October 22, 2014. Data collected from Twitter, October 2014.

57.Saeed Ahmed and Greg Botelho, "Who Is Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the Man Behind the Deadly Ottawa Attack?" CNN World, October 23, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/world/canada-shooter/.

58.Kevin Fasick, Amber Jamieson, and Laura Italiano, "Ax Attacker Wanted 'White People to Pay' for Slavery," New York Post, October 25, 2014, http://nypost.com/2014/10/25/pro-jihadi-ax-attacker-wanted-white-people-to-pay-for-slavery/; James Gordon Meek and Josh Margolin, "NYC Ax Attacker Was Consumed by Desire to Strike U.S. Authority Figures, Police Say," ABC News, November 3, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/US/nyc-ax-attacker-consumed-desire-strike-us-authority/story?id=26664787.

59.The term "lone wolf" connotes someone acting without direct connections to a terrorist group. However the phrase is commonly, if misleadingly, used to refer to people who act individually or in small cells with minimal support from a terrorist group.

60."Inspire Magazine: A Staple of Domestic Terror," Anti-Defamation League, http://blog.adl.org/extremism/inspire-magazine-a-staple-of-domestic-terror.

61.Dabiq no. 5 (November 2014): 537.

62.J. M. Berger, "The Islamic State's Irregulars," Foreign Policy, December 23, 2014, http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/23/the-islamic-states-deranged-irregulars-lone-wolf-terrorists-isis/.

63."Norwegian Syria Fighter Seized on Terror Charge," Local, February 14, 2014, http://www.thelocal.no/20140214/norway-jihadi-arrested-for-terror-on-return-from-syria; "Belgain Terrorist Suspect Held in Luxembourg," Flanders News, September 7, 2014, http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/News/1.2027303; "Alleged Terroist Arrested in Bekasi," Jakarta Post, August 10, 2014, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/10/alleged-terrorist-arrested-bekasi.html.

64.J. M. Berger, "The Islamic State's Irregulars," Foreign Policy, December 23, 2014; Alison Smale and James Kanterjan, "As Europe Moves Aggressively Against Terrorism, New Challenges Emerge," New York Times, January 16, 2015.

65.Melissa Eddy, "Nations Ponder How to Handle European Fighters Returning from Jihad," New York Times, November 23, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/world/nations-ponder-how-to-handle-european-fighters-returning-from-jihad.html?_r=0.

66.Bharati Naik, Atlka Shubert, and Nick Thompson, "Denmark Offers Some Foreign Fighters Rehab Without Jail Time-but Will It Work?" CNN World, October 28, 2014 http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/28/world/europe/denmark-syria-deradicalization-program/.

67.John Horgan and Max Taylor, "Disengagement, De-radicalization and the Arc of Terrorism: Future Directions for Research," ch. 13 in Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American Experiences (Farnham, England, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011).

68.Thomas Hegghammer, "Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists' Choice Between Domestic and Foreign Fighting," American Political Science Review 107, no. 1 (February 2013), http://hegghammer.com/_files/Hegghammer_-_Should_I_stay_or_should_I_go.pdf.

CHAPTER 5. THE MESSAGE.

1."The Martyrs of Bosnia," video, 1995.

2."The State of the Ummah," in Al Qaeda Propaganda Video, 2001.

3.Raffi Khatchadourian, "Azzam the American: The Making of an Al Qaeda Homegrown," New Yorker, January 22, 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/01/22/azzam-the-american; J. M. Berger, Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Potomac Books, 2011), 15256.

4.George Michael, "Adam Gadahn and Al Qaeda's Internet Strategy," Middle East Policy (Fall 2009); The 19 Martyrs, Al Qaeda propaganda video, 2002; Voice of the Caliphate, Al Qaeda propaganda video, 2005; Daniel Williams, "Voice of Caliphate Web Broadcast Speaks of Joy over US Hurricane," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, September 25, 2005.

5.Spencer Ackerman, "Watch: Osama's Blooper Reel, Courtesy of the Navy Seals." Wired, May 2011, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/05/watch-osamas-blooper-reel-courtesy-of-the-navy-seals/?pid=425.

6.David Ensor, Octavia Nasr, Cal Perry, Auday Sadik, and Mohammad Tawfeeq, "Video Apparently Shows Public Beheadings: 12 Killed, Dozens Injured as Wedding Party Attacked," CNN International, January 22, 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/01/21/iraq.main/index.html?iref=newssearch.

7.Ayman al-Zawahiri, letter to Abu Musab Zarqawi, 2005, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/zawahiris-letter-to-zarqawi-english-translation-2.

8.Abu Mohammad al Adnani, "The Islamic State Will Remain," audio, August 2011.

9.Nelly Lahoud, with Muhammad al-Ubaydi, "Jihadi Discourse in the Wake of the Arab Spring," Harmony Program, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2013, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CTC-Jihadi-Discourse-in-the-Wake-of-the-Arab-Spring-December2013.pdf.

10.Islamic State of Iraq, Clanging of the Swords, Part 1, video, Al-Furqan Media, http://jihadology.net/2012/06/30/al-furqan-media-presents-a-new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-clanging-of-the-swords-part-1/.

11.Islamic State of Iraq, "But Allah Will Not Allow but That His Light Should Be Perfected," audio, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, posted online July 12, 2012.

12.Islamic State of Iraq, Clanging of the Swords, Part 2, Al-Furqan Media, http://jihadology.net/2012/08/16/al-furqan-media-presents-a-new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-clanging-of-the-swords-part-2%E2%80%B3/.

13.The Martyrs of Bosnia and the State of the Ummah both follow this model, as did many print outlets such as the Al Hussam newsletter of the 1990s. For more discussion of this issue, see Thomas Hegghammer, "Global Jihadism after the Iraq War," Middle East Journal 60, no. 1 (Winter 2006), http://hegghammer.com/_files/Global_Jihadism_after_the_Iraq_War.pdf.

14.Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), ch. 1; Phillip Mudd, "Are Jihadist Groups s.h.i.+fting Their Focus from the Far Enemy?" CTC Sentinel 5, no. 5 (May 2012): 1215, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/are-jihadist-groups-s.h.i.+fting-their-focus-from-the-far-enemy; National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004), 24.

15.Islamic State of Iraq, Clanging of the Swords, Part 3, video, Al-Furqan Media, http://jihadology.net/2013/01/11/al-furqan-media-presents-a-new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-clanging-of-the-swords-part-3/.

16.Data collected from Twitter, 2013 and 2014.