Destiny of the Republic Part 15

2 "I did not realize": "Bell's 'Electric Toy,'" "I did not realize": "Bell's 'Electric Toy,'" New York Times New York Times, January 2, 1905.

3 By the summer of 1877: Grosvenor and Wesson By the summer of 1877: Grosvenor and Wesson, Alexander Graham Bell, 88.

4 That same year, President Hayes: Gray, That same year, President Hayes: Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 18081.

5 "A Professor Bell explained": Mackenzie, "A Professor Bell explained": Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 193.

6 "the voice already carries": Quoted in Grosvenor and Wesson, "the voice already carries": Quoted in Grosvenor and Wesson, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 86.

7 "Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me": Quoted in Mackenzie, "Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me": Quoted in Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 160.

8 After Morse developed: Ca.s.son, After Morse developed: Ca.s.son, The History of the Telephone The History of the Telephone; Lubrano, The Telegraph The Telegraph, 14041.

9 "It can speak, but it won't!": Quoted in MacKenzie, "It can speak, but it won't!": Quoted in MacKenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 21516.

10 Although Bell deeply resented: Grosvenor and Wesson, Although Bell deeply resented: Grosvenor and Wesson, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 75.

11 To add insult to injury: Ibid.; Bruce, To add insult to injury: Ibid.; Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 173.

12 In a court of law: Gray, In a court of law: Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 197. Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 270.

13 With Western Union's defeat: Mackenzie, With Western Union's defeat: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell: The Man Who Contracted s.p.a.ce Alexander Graham Bell: The Man Who Contracted s.p.a.ce, p. 212.

14 The fighting, however, continued: MacKenzie, The fighting, however, continued: MacKenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 214.

15 "Of all the men who didn't": Quoted in ibid., 218. Although the legitimacy of Bell's telephone patent has been scrutinized in hundreds of lawsuits, and over more than a century, the question of whether or not he invented the telephone continues to be raised. Perhaps the most persistent accusation against Bell is that he took the idea of a liquid transmitter from Elisha Gray. (For the most recent of these arguments, see A. Edward Evenson's "Of all the men who didn't": Quoted in ibid., 218. Although the legitimacy of Bell's telephone patent has been scrutinized in hundreds of lawsuits, and over more than a century, the question of whether or not he invented the telephone continues to be raised. Perhaps the most persistent accusation against Bell is that he took the idea of a liquid transmitter from Elisha Gray. (For the most recent of these arguments, see A. Edward Evenson's The Telephone Patent Controversy of 1876 The Telephone Patent Controversy of 1876, and Seth Shulman's The Telephone Gambit The Telephone Gambit.) It should be noted, however, that Bell had been using liquid transmitters in experiments for several years before he filed his patent for the telephone. Moreover, Bell did not use a liquid transmitter either in the model he presented at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, or in the telephone his company sold commercially.

16 "I am sick of the Telephone": Bell to Mabel Bell, September 9, 1878, Bell Family Papers. "I am sick of the Telephone": Bell to Mabel Bell, September 9, 1878, Bell Family Papers.

17 "hateful to me at all times": Quoted in Grosvenor and Wesson, "hateful to me at all times": Quoted in Grosvenor and Wesson, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 88.

18 "first incentive to invention": Bruce, "first incentive to invention": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 26.

19 "Our earthly hopes": Alexander Melville Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, May 28, 1870, Bell Family Papers. "Our earthly hopes": Alexander Melville Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, May 28, 1870, Bell Family Papers.

20 His mother, who had homeschooled: Bruce, His mother, who had homeschooled: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 20.

21 "I should probably have sought": Quoted in Gray, "I should probably have sought": Quoted in Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 104.

22 "As far as telegraphy is concerned": Quoted in ibid., 136. "As far as telegraphy is concerned": Quoted in ibid., 136.

23 "I wish very much": Eliza Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, March 7, 1880, Bell Family Papers. "I wish very much": Eliza Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, March 7, 1880, Bell Family Papers.

24 "I have my periods": Bell to Mabel Bell, March 1879, Bell Family Papers. "I have my periods": Bell to Mabel Bell, March 1879, Bell Family Papers.

25 When struggling with an invention: Gray, When struggling with an invention: Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 3.

26 "wee bit fiddler": "wee bit fiddler": New York Times New York Times, January 2, 1905.

27 "musical fever": Bruce, "musical fever": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 22.

28 Even to Bell's father: Ibid., 19. Even to Bell's father: Ibid., 19.

29 "I have serious fears": Alexander Melville Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, May 19, 1873, Bell Family Papers. "I have serious fears": Alexander Melville Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, May 19, 1873, Bell Family Papers.

30 "sort of telephonic undercurrent": Gray, "sort of telephonic undercurrent": Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 145.

31 "My mind concentrates itself": Bell to Mabel Bell, December 12(?), 1885, Bell Family Papers. "My mind concentrates itself": Bell to Mabel Bell, December 12(?), 1885, Bell Family Papers.

32 By 1880, so frustrated: Bruce, By 1880, so frustrated: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 283.

33 "I have been almost": Gardiner Greene Hubbard to Alexander Graham Bell, July 1880, Bell Family Papers. "I have been almost": Gardiner Greene Hubbard to Alexander Graham Bell, July 1880, Bell Family Papers.

34 "However hard and faithfully": Bruce, "However hard and faithfully": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 284.

35 In February of 1881: Bell to William Forbes, February 2, 1881, Bell Family Papers. In February of 1881: Bell to William Forbes, February 2, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

36 Along with the prize: Mackenzie, Along with the prize: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 222.

37 Watson had left: Bruce, Watson had left: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 282.

38 "These are germs": Bell to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Bell, January 18, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "These are germs": Bell to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Bell, January 18, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

39 "functional derangement of the heart": Bruce, "functional derangement of the heart": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 341.

40 "Edison was completely absorbed": Tainter, "The Talking Machine and Some Little Known Facts in Connection with Its Early Development," 12-A. "Edison was completely absorbed": Tainter, "The Talking Machine and Some Little Known Facts in Connection with Its Early Development," 12-A.

41 "I trust you will": Bell to Mabel Bell, September 9, 1878, Bell Family Papers. "I trust you will": Bell to Mabel Bell, September 9, 1878, Bell Family Papers.

Chapter 7: Real Brutuses and Bolingbrokes

1 At 2:30 in the morning: Garfield, At 2:30 in the morning: Garfield, Diary Diary, March 3, 1881, 4:552.

2 "no less than a half-dozen": Almon F. Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," "no less than a half-dozen": Almon F. Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Century Magazine Century Magazine 23(1882), 431. 23(1882), 431.

3 "the staggerings of my mind": Ibid., March 1, 1881, 4:551. "the staggerings of my mind": Ibid., March 1, 1881, 4:551.

4 With very few exceptions: During Was.h.i.+ngton's first inauguration, which was held in New York City on April 30, 1789, he established the traditions of kissing the Bible after being sworn in to office and using the phrase "So help me G.o.d." For his second inauguration, he delivered the shortest inaugural address in history, at just 135 words. With very few exceptions: During Was.h.i.+ngton's first inauguration, which was held in New York City on April 30, 1789, he established the traditions of kissing the Bible after being sworn in to office and using the phrase "So help me G.o.d." For his second inauguration, he delivered the shortest inaugural address in history, at just 135 words.

5 As transportation improved dramatically: The inauguration did not move to January 20 until 1933, when Congress ratified the Twentieth Amendment to the Const.i.tution. Although the Twentieth Amendment was ratified on January 23, FranklinD. Roosevelt was still inaugurated on March 4 of that year. It wasn't until his second inauguration, in 1937, that the January 20 date was established. As transportation improved dramatically: The inauguration did not move to January 20 until 1933, when Congress ratified the Twentieth Amendment to the Const.i.tution. Although the Twentieth Amendment was ratified on January 23, FranklinD. Roosevelt was still inaugurated on March 4 of that year. It wasn't until his second inauguration, in 1937, that the January 20 date was established.

6 By the time a crowd: By the time a crowd: New York Times New York Times, February 1, 1881.

7 Just beyond the Mall: Another three years would pa.s.s before the Was.h.i.+ngton Monument was finally finished, and by then the Army Corps of Engineers would have to use a type of marble different from that in the original construction, leaving the top two-thirds of the monument slightly darker than the bottom third. Just beyond the Mall: Another three years would pa.s.s before the Was.h.i.+ngton Monument was finally finished, and by then the Army Corps of Engineers would have to use a type of marble different from that in the original construction, leaving the top two-thirds of the monument slightly darker than the bottom third.

8 "free from snow": "A New Chief Magistrate," "free from snow": "A New Chief Magistrate," New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

9 "The momentous question": "The momentous question": New York Times New York Times, November 18, 1880.

10 "the very picture": "the very picture": New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

11 "in a deafening chorus": Ibid. "in a deafening chorus": Ibid.

12 "Low bridge!": "Low bridge!": New York Times New York Times, December 22, 1907.

13 "James A. Garfield sprung from the people": "James A. Garfield sprung from the people": New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

14 "smile[d] quietly at the hard task": "How the Address Was Received," "smile[d] quietly at the hard task": "How the Address Was Received," New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

15 "The elevation of the negro race": James A. Garfield, "The elevation of the negro race": James A. Garfield, Inaugural Address Inaugural Address, March 4, 1881.

16 "black men who had been slaves": "How the Address Was Received," "black men who had been slaves": "How the Address Was Received," New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

17 "The emanc.i.p.ated race": James A. Garfield, "The emanc.i.p.ated race": James A. Garfield, Inaugural Address Inaugural Address, March 4, 1881.

18 "There was the utmost silence": "How the Address Was Received," "There was the utmost silence": "How the Address Was Received," New York Times New York Times, March 5, 1881.

19 "Mr. Garfield will doubtless leave": "Mr. Garfield will doubtless leave": New York Times New York Times, August 6, 1881, quoted in Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, 435.

20 "No trades, no shackles": Garfield, "No trades, no shackles": Garfield, Diary Diary, August 9, 1880, 4:439.

21 "I need hardly add": Peskin, "I need hardly add": Peskin, Garfield Garfield, 528.

22 On March 1, Levi Morton: Chidsey, On March 1, Levi Morton: Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 326; Connery, "Secret History of the Garfield-Conkling Tragedy," 152.

23 "Allison broke down": Garfield, "Allison broke down": Garfield, Diary Diary, March 4, 1881, 4:552.

24 "The Senate": Henry Adams, "The Senate": Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams The Education of Henry Adams, 309.

25 "The nomination of Garfield": John Sherman to Governor Foster, June 30, 1880; Sherman, "The nomination of Garfield": John Sherman to Governor Foster, June 30, 1880; Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet, 77778.

26 "using his influence and power": "The Republican Campaign," "using his influence and power": "The Republican Campaign," New York Times New York Times, June 19, 1880.

27 "a little reckless": Garfield, "a little reckless": Garfield, Diary Diary, March 28, 1875, 4:48.

28 "I ask this": Quoted in Peskin, "I ask this": Quoted in Peskin, Garfield Garfield, 519.

29 "His appointment would act": Ibid., 517, 526. "His appointment would act": Ibid., 517, 526.

30 The only public position Arthur had held: Reeves, The only public position Arthur had held: Reeves, Gentleman Boss Gentleman Boss, 63.

31 "The nomination of Arthur": Ackerman, "The nomination of Arthur": Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 132.

32 "The Ohio men have offered": Quoted in Hudson, "The Ohio men have offered": Quoted in Hudson, Random Reflections of an Old Political Reporter Random Reflections of an Old Political Reporter, 9699.

33 "For his enemies": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," "For his enemies": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Century Magazine Century Magazine, 437.

34 "a stranger entering the House": Ridpath, "a stranger entering the House": Ridpath, The Life and Work of James A. Garfield, Twentieth President of the United States The Life and Work of James A. Garfield, Twentieth President of the United States, 27273.

35 "You old rascal": Peskin, "You old rascal": Peskin, Garfield Garfield, 322.

36 "determined not to be cla.s.sified": Garfield, "determined not to be cla.s.sified": Garfield, Diary Diary, March 23, 1881, 4:562.

37 "Of course I deprecate war": Quoted in Ackerman, "Of course I deprecate war": Quoted in Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 324.

Chapter 8: Brains, Flesh, and Blood

1 From an open window: The Oval Office would not be used as the president's office until 1909, when William Howard Taft was president. Taft also renovated the room to change its shape from a rectangle to an oval. From an open window: The Oval Office would not be used as the president's office until 1909, when William Howard Taft was president. Taft also renovated the room to change its shape from a rectangle to an oval.

2 "The eyes of Was.h.i.+ngton": "Letter from Was.h.i.+ngton," unnamed newspaper, June 3, 1881, Library of Congress. "The eyes of Was.h.i.+ngton": "Letter from Was.h.i.+ngton," unnamed newspaper, June 3, 1881, Library of Congress.

3 "sat down to a good rattling talk": Lucretia Garfield, "sat down to a good rattling talk": Lucretia Garfield, Diary Diary, April 15, 1881, in Garfield, Diary Diary, 4:640.

4 With their help, she convinced: Seale, With their help, she convinced: Seale, The President's House The President's House, 516. Hayes's wife, Lucille, was widely known as Lemonade Lucy because she refused to serve alcohol in the White House.

5 "abreast of current literature": Theodore Clarke Smith, "abreast of current literature": Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, 752.

6 "Every day I miss Spofford": Ibid., 753. "Every day I miss Spofford": Ibid., 753.

7 While home in Mentor: Garfield, While home in Mentor: Garfield, Diary Diary.

8 "It is a pity": Quoted in Theodore Clarke Smith, "It is a pity": Quoted in Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, 923.

9 For Garfield, being able to work: Feis, For Garfield, being able to work: Feis, Mollie Garfield in the White House Mollie Garfield in the White House, 60.

10 While nine-year-old Abe: Whitcomb and Whitcomb, While nine-year-old Abe: Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House Real Life at the White House, 174. The East Room is the largest room in the White House, and as such has often been used as a playroom by presidents' children. Tad Lincoln tied a goat to a chair so that it could pull him through the room. Theodore Roosevelt's children roller-skated through it, as did Jimmy Carter's daughter, Amy. has often been used as a playroom by presidents' children. Tad Lincoln tied a goat to a chair so that it could pull him through the room. Theodore Roosevelt's children roller-skated through it, as did Jimmy Carter's daughter, Amy.

11 "Whatever fate may await me": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," "Whatever fate may await me": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Century Magazine Century Magazine, 434. (Hoc opus, hic labor est. "That is the work, that is the task." From The Aeneid The Aeneid, Book VI.) 12 "I am the first mother": "I am the first mother": New York Times New York Times, March 23, 1881.

13 "cozy and home like": "cozy and home like": New York Times New York Times, July 8, 1881.

14 "Slept too soundly": Lucretia Garfield, "Slept too soundly": Lucretia Garfield, Diary Diary, March 5, 1881, in Garfield, Diary Diary, 4:628.

15 "This is the way in which": "Patronage in Our Politics," "This is the way in which": "Patronage in Our Politics," New York Times New York Times, March 27, 1881.

16 "Almost everyone who comes to me": Quoted in Peskin, "Almost everyone who comes to me": Quoted in Peskin, Garfield Garfield, 515.

17 "Let us go into the Executive mansion": Quoted in Mr. Lincoln's White House, "Let us go into the Executive mansion": Quoted in Mr. Lincoln's White House, http://mrlincolnswhitehouse.org.

18 "My day is frittered away": Garfield, "My day is frittered away": Garfield, Diary Diary, June 13, 1880, 4:610.