The Moon Part 4

quarter of the interior are two smaller distinct craters, and a square arrangement of ridges. On the N.E. there are some hillocks and minor elevations. The Plinius rills form an especially interesting system, and under favourable conditions may be seen in their entirety with a good 4 inch refractor, about the time when the morning terminator pa.s.ses through Julius Caesar. They consist of three long fissures, originating amid the Haemus highlands, on the S. side of the Mare Serenitatis, and diverging towards the W. The most southerly commences S.S.E. of the Acherusian promontory (a great headland, 5000 feet high, at the W. termination of the Haemus range), and, following a somewhat undulating course, runs up to the N. side of Dawes. Under a low evening sun, I have remarked many inequalities in the width of that portion of it immediately N. of Plinius, which appear to indicate that it is here made up of rows of inosculating craters. The cleft north of this originates very near it, pa.s.ses a little S. of the promontory, and runs to the E. edge of the plateau surrounding Dawes. The third and most northerly cleft begins at a point immediately N. of the promontory, cuts through the S. end of the well-known Serpentine ridge on the Mare Serenitatis, and, after following a course slightly concave to the N., dies out on the N. side of the plateau. This cleft forms the line of demarcation between the dark tone of the Mare Serenitatis and the light hue of the Mare Tranquilitatis, traceable under nearly every condition of illumination, and prominent in all good photographs.

DAWES.--A ring-plain 14 miles in diameter, situated N.W. of Plinius, on a nearly circular light area. Its bright border rises to a height of 2000 feet above the Mare, and includes a central mountain, a white marking on the E., and a ridge running from the mountain to the S. wall. There are two closely parallel clefts on the N. side of the plateau running from E.

to W., that nearer Dawes being the longer, and having a craterlet standing upon it about midway between its extremities. At its W.

termination there is a crater-row running at right angles to it. The light area appears to be bounded on the E. by a low curved bank.

VITRUVIUS.--A ring-plain 19 miles in diameter with bright but not very lofty walls, situated among the mountains near the S.W. side of the Mare Serenitatis. It is surrounded by a region remarkable for its great variability in brightness. There is a large bright ring-plain on the W., with a less conspicuous companion on the S. of it.

MARALDI.--A deep but rather inconspicuous formation, bounded on the W. by a polygonal border. A small ring-plain with a central mountain is connected with the S.W. wall; and, running in a N. direction from this, is a short mountain arm which joins a large circular enclosure with a low broken border standing on the N. side of the Mare Tranquilitatis.

LITTROW.--A peculiar ring-plain, rather smaller than the last, some distance N. of Vitruvius, on the rocky W. border of the Mare Serenitatis.

It is shaped like the letter D, the straight side facing the W. There is a distinct crater on the N. wall. On the N.W. it is flanked by three irregular ring-plains, and on the S.E. by a fourth. Neison shows two small mountains on the floor, but Schmidt, whose drawing is very true to nature, has no detail whatever. A fine cleft may be traced from near the foot of the E. wall to Mount Argaeus, pa.s.sing S. of a bright crater on the Mare E. of Littrow. It extends towards the Plinius system, and is probably connected with it.

MOUNT ARGAEUS.--There are few objects on the moon's visible surface which afford a more striking and beautiful picture than this mountain and its surrounding heights with their shadows a few hours after sunrise. It attains an alt.i.tude of more than 8000 feet above the Mare, and at a certain phase resembles a bright spear-head or dagger. There is a well- defined rimmed depression ab.u.t.ting on its southern point.

ROMER.--A prominent formation of irregular outline, 24 miles in diameter, situated in the midst of the Taurus highlands. It has a very large central mountain, a crater on the N. side of the floor, and terraced inner slopes. Some distance on the N. is another ring, nearly as large, with a crater on its S. rim, and between this and Posidonius is another with a wide gap on the S. and a crater on its N. border. One of the most remarkable crater-rills on the moon runs from the E. side of Romer through this latter ring, and then northwards on to the plain W. of Posidonius. Under suitable conditions, it can be seen as such in a 4 inch achromatic. It is easily traceable as a rill in a photograph of the N.

polar region of the moon taken by MM. Henry at the Paris Observatory, and recently published in _Knowledge_.

LE MONNIER.--A great inflection or bay on the W. border of the Mare Serenitatis S. of Posidonius. Like many other similar formations on the edges of the Maria, it appears at one time or other to have had a continuous rampart, which on the side facing the "sea" has been destroyed. In this, as in most of the other cases, relics of the ruin are traceable under oblique light. A fine crescent-shaped mountain, 3000 feet high, stands near the S. side of the gap, and probably represents a portion of a once lofty wall. It will repay the observer to watch the progress of sunrise on the whole of the W. coast-line of the Mare up to Mount Argaeus.

POSIDONIUS.--This magnificent ring-plain is justly regarded as one of the finest telescopic objects in the first quadrant. Its narrow bright wall with its serrated shadow, the conspicuous crater, the clefts and ridges and other details on the floor, together with the beautiful group of objects on the neighbouring plain, and the great Serpentine ridge on the E., never fail to excite the interest of the observer. The circ.u.mvallation, which is far from being perfectly regular, is about 62 miles in diameter, and, considering its size, is not remarkable for its alt.i.tude, as it nowhere exceeds 6000 feet above the interior, which is depressed about 2000 feet below the surrounding plain. Its continuity, especially on the E., is interrupted by gaps. On the N., the wall is notably deformed. It is broader and more regular on the W., where it includes a large longitudinal depression, and on the N.W. section stand two bright little ring-plains. On the floor, which s.h.i.+nes with a glittering l.u.s.tre, are the well-marked remains of a second ring, nearly concentric with the princ.i.p.al rampart, and separated from it by an interval of nine or ten miles. The most prominent object, however, is the bright crater a little E. of the centre. This is partially surrounded on the W. by three or four small bright mountains, through which runs in a meridional direction a rill-valley, not easily traced as a whole, except under a low sun. There is another cleft on the N.E. side of the interior, which is an apparent extension of part of the inner ring, a transverse rill-valley on the N., a fourth _quasi_ rill on the N.W., and a fifth short cleft on the S. part of the floor. Between the princ.i.p.al crater and the S.E. wall are two smaller craters, which are easy objects. Beyond the border on the N., in addition to Daniell, are four conspicuous craters and many ridges.

CHACORNAC.--This object, connected with Posidonius on the S.W., is remarkable for the brilliancy of its border and the peculiarity of its shape, which is very clearly that of an irregular pentagon with linear sides. I always find the detail within very difficult to make out. Two or more low ridges, traversing the floor from N. to S., and a small crater, are, however, clearly visible under oblique illumination. Schmidt draws a crater-rill, and Neison two parallel rills on the floor,--the former extends in a southerly direction to the W. side of Le Monnier.

DANIELL.--A bright little ring-plain N. of Posidonius. It is connected with a smaller ring-plain on the N.W. wall of the latter by a low ridge.

BOND, G.P.--A small bright ring-plain 12 miles in diameter, W. of Posidonius. Neison shows a crater both on the N. and S. rim. Schmidt omits these.

MAURY.--A bright deep little ring-plain, about 12 miles in diameter, on the W. border of the Lacus Somniorum. It is the centre of four prominent hill ranges.

GROVE.--A bright deep ring-plain, 15 miles in diameter, in the Lacus Somniorum, with a border rising 7000 feet above a greatly depressed floor, which includes a prominent mountain.

MASON.--The more westerly of two remarkable ring-plains, situated in the highlands on the S. side of the Lacus Mortis. It is 14 miles in diameter, has a distinct crater on its S. wall, and, according to Schmidt, a crater on the E. side of the floor.

PLANA.--A formation 23 miles in diameter, closely a.s.sociated with the last. Neison states that the floor is convex and higher than the surrounding region. It has a triangular-shaped central mountain, a crater, and at least three other depressions on the S.W. wall where it joins Mason.

BURG.--A noteworthy formation, 28 miles in diameter, on the Mare, N. of Plana. The floor is concave, and includes a very large bright mountain, which occupies a great portion of it. The interior slopes are prominently terraced, and there are several spurs a.s.sociated with the _glacis_ on the S. and N.E. A distinct cleft runs from the N. side of the formation to the S.E. border of the Lacus Somniorum, which is crossed by another winding cleft running from a crater E. of Plana towards the N.E.

BAILY.--A small ring-plain, N. of Burg, flanked by mountains, with a large bright crater on the W. The group of mountains standing about midway between it and Burg are very noteworthy.

GARTNER.--A very large walled-plain with a low incomplete border on the E., but defined on the W. by a lofty wall. Schmidt shows a curved crater- row on the W. side of the floor.

DEMOCRITUS.--A deep regular ring-plain, about 25 miles in diameter, with a bright central mountain and lofty terraced walls.

ARNOLD.--A great enclosure, bounded, like so many other formations hereabouts, by straight parallel walls. There is a somewhat smaller walled-plain adjoining it on the W.

MOIGNO.--A ring-plain with a dark floor, adjoining the last on the N.E.

There is a conspicuous little crater in the interior.

EUCTEMON.--This object is so close to the limb that very little can be made of its details under the most favourable conditions. According to Neison, there is a peak on the N. wall 11,000 feet in height.

METON.--A peculiarly-shaped walled-plain of great size, exhibiting considerable parallelism. The floor is seen to be very rugged under oblique illumination.

WEST LONGITUDE 20 deg. TO 0 deg.

SABINE.--The more westerly of a remarkable pair of ring-plains, of which Ritter is the other member, situated on the E. side of the Mare Tranquilitatis a little N. of the lunar equator. It is about 18 miles in diameter, and has a low continuous border, which includes a central mountain on a bright floor. From a mountain arm extending from the S.

wall, run in a westerly direction two nearly parallel clefts skirting the edge of the Mare. The more southerly of these terminates near a depression on a rocky headland projecting from the coast-line, and the other stops a few miles short of this. A third cleft, commencing at a point N.E. of the headland, runs in the same direction up to a small crater near the N. end of another cape-like projection. At 8 h. on April 9, 1886, when the morning terminator bisected Sabine, I traced it still farther in the same direction. All these clefts exhibit considerable variations in width, but become narrower as they proceed westwards.

RITTER.--Is very similar in every respect to the last. A curved rill mentioned by Neison is on the N.E. side of the floor and is concentric with the wall. On the N. side of this ring-plain are three conspicuous craters, the two nearer being equal in size and the third much smaller.

SCHMIDT.--A bright crater at the foot of the S. slope of Ritter.

DIONYSIUS.--This crater, 13 miles in diameter, is one of the brightest spots on the lunar surface. It stands on the E. border of the Mare, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Ritter. A distinct crater-row runs round its outer border on the W., and ultimately, as a delicate cleft, strikes across the Mare to the E. side of Ritter. Both crater-row and cleft are easy objects in a 4 inch achromatic under morning illumination.

ARIADAEUS.--A bright little crater of polygonal shape, with another crater of about one-third the area adjoining it on the N.W., situated on the rocky E. margin of the Mare Tranquilitatis, N.E. of Ritter. A short cleft runs from it towards the latter, but dies out about midway. A second cleft begins near its termination, and runs up to the N.E. wall of Ritter. E. of this pair a third distinct cleft, originating at a point on the coast-line about midway between Ariadaeus and Dionysius, ends near the same place on the border. There is a fourth cleft extending from the N. side of a little bay N. of Ariadaeus across the Mare to a point N.W.

of the more northerly of the three craters N. of Ritter. At a small crater on the S. flank of the mountains bordering the little bay N. of Ariadaeus originates one of the longest and most noteworthy clefts on the moon's visible surface, discovered more than a century ago by Schroter of Lilienthal. It varies considerably in breadth and depth, but throughout its course over the plain, between Ariadaeus and Silberschlag, it can be followed without difficulty in a very small telescope. E. of the latter formation, towards Hyginus (with which rill-system it is connected), it is generally more difficult. A few miles E. of Ariadaeus it sends out a short branch, running in a S.W. direction, which can be traced as a fine white line under a moderately high sun. It is interesting to follow the course of the princ.i.p.al cleft across the plain, and to note its progress through the ridges and mountain groups it encounters. In the great Lick telescope it is seen to traverse some old crater-rings which have not been revealed in smaller instruments. About midway between Ariadaeus and Silberschlag it exhibits a duplication for a short distance, first detected by Webb.

DE MORGAN.--A brilliant little crater, 4 miles in diameter, on the plain S. of the Ariadaeus cleft.

CAYLEY.--A very deep bright crater, with a dark interior, N. of the last, and more than double its diameter. There is a second crater between this and the cleft.

WHEWELL.--Another bright little ring, about 3 miles in diameter, some distance to the E. of De Morgan and Cayley.

SOSIGENES.--A small circular ring-plain, 14 miles in diameter, with narrow walls, a central mountain, and a minute crater outside the wall on the E.; situated on the E. side of the Mare Tranquilitatis, W. of Julius Caesar. There is another crater, about half its diameter, on the S., connected with it by a low mound. This has a still smaller crater on the W. of it.

JULIUS CAESAR.--A large incomplete formation of irregular shape. The wall on the E. is much terraced, and forms a flat "S" curve. The summit ridge is especially bright, and has a conspicuous little crater upon it. On the W. is a number of narrow longitudinal valleys trending from N. to S., included by a wide valley which const.i.tutes the boundary on this side.

The border on the S. consists of a number of low rounded banks, those immediately E. of Sosigenes being traversed by several shallow valleys, which look as if they had been shaped by alluvial action. There is a brilliant little hill at the end of one of these valleys, a few miles E.

of Sosigenes. The floor of Julius Caesar is uneven in tone, becoming gradually duskier from S. to N., the northern end ranking among the darkest areas on the lunar surface. There are at least three large circular swellings in the interior. A long low mound, with two or three depressions upon it, bounds the wide valley on the E. side.

G.o.dIN.--A square-shaped ring-plain, 28 miles in diameter, with rounded corners. The bright rampart is everywhere lofty, except on the S., is much terraced, and includes a central mountain. On the S. a curious trumpet-shaped valley, extending some distance towards the S.W., and bounded by bright walls, is a noteworthy feature at sunrise. There are other longitudinal valleys with a.s.sociated ridges on this side of the formation, all running in the same direction. There is a large bright crater outside the border on the N.E., and, between it and the wall, another, smaller, which is readily seen under a high sun.

AGRIPPA.--A ring-plain 28 miles in diameter on the N. of the last, with a terraced border rising to a height of between 7000 and 8000 feet above the floor, which contains a large bright central mountain and two craters on the S. The shape of this formation deviates very considerably from circularity, the N. wall, on which stands a small crater, being almost lineal. On the W., at a distance of a few miles, runs the prominent mountain range, extending northwards nearly up to the E. flank of Julius Caesar, which bounds the E. side of the great Ariadaeus plain. Between this rocky barrier and Agrippa is a very noteworthy enclosure containing much minute detail and a long straight ridge resembling a cleft. A few miles N. of Agrippa stands a small crater; at a point W. of which the Hyginus cleft originates.

SILBERSCHLAG.--A very brilliant crater, 8 or 9 miles in diameter, connected with the great mountain range just referred to. The Ariadaeus cleft cuts through the range a few miles N. of it. This neighbourhood at sunrise presents a grand spectacle. With high powers under good atmospheric conditions, the plain E. of the mountains is seen to be traversed by a number of shallow winding valleys, trending towards Agrippa, and separated by low rounded hills which have all the appearance of having been moulded by the action of water.

BOSCOVICH.--This is not a very striking telescopic object under any phase, on account of its broken, irregular, and generally ill-defined border. It is, however, remarkable as being one of the darkest spots on the visible surface: in this respect a fit companion to Julius Caesar, its neighbour on the W. Schmidt shows some ridges within it.

RHAETICUS.--A very interesting formation, about 25 miles in diameter, situated near the lunar equator, with a border intersected by many pa.s.ses. A deep rill-like valley winds round its eastern _glacis_, commencing on the S. at a small circular enclosure standing at the end of a spur from the wall; and, after crossing a ridge W. of a bright little crater on the N. of the formation, apparently joins the most easterly cleft of the Triesnecker system. A cleft traverses the N. side of the floor of Rhaeticus, and extends across the plain on the E. as far as the N. side of Reaumur.

TRIESNECKER.--Apart from being the centre of one of the most remarkable rill-systems on the moon, this ring-plain, though only about 14 miles in diameter, is an object especially worthy of examination under every phase. At sunrise, and for some time afterwards, owing to the superior alt.i.tude of the N.W. section of the wall, a considerable portion of the border on the N. and N.E. is masked by its shadow, which thus appears to destroy its continuity. On more than one occasion, friends, to whom I have shown this object under these conditions, have likened it to a breached volcanic cone, a comparison which at a later stage is seen to be very inappropriate. The rampart is terraced within, and exhibits many spurs and b.u.t.tresses without, especially on the N.W. The central mountain is small and not conspicuous. The rill-system is far too complicated to be intelligibly described in words. It lies on the W. side of the meridian pa.s.sing through the formation, and extends from the N. side of Rhaeticus to the mountain-land lying between Ukert and Hyginus on the N.

Birt likened these rills to "an inverted river system," a comparison which will commend itself to most observers who have seen them on a good night, for in many instances they appear to become wider and deeper as they approach higher ground. Published maps are all more or less defective in their representations of them, especially as regards that portion of the system lying N. of Triesnecker.

HYGINUS.--A deep depression, rather less than 4 miles across, with a low rim of varying alt.i.tude, having a crater on its N. edge. This formation is remarkable for the great cleft which traverses it, discovered by Schroter in 1788. The coa.r.s.er parts of this object are easily visible in small telescopes, and may be glimpsed under suitable conditions with a 2 inch achromatic. Commencing a little W. of a small crater N. of Agrippa, it crosses, as a very delicate object, a plain abounding in low ridges and shallow valleys, and runs nearly parallel to the eastern extension of the Ariadaeus rill. As it approaches Hyginus it becomes gradually coa.r.s.er, and exhibits many expansions and contractions, the former in many cases evidently representing craters. When the phase is favourable, it can be followed across the floor of Hyginus, and I have frequently seen the banks with which it appears to be bounded (at any rate within the formation), standing out as fine bright parallel lines amid the shadow. On reaching the E. wall, it turns somewhat more to the N., becomes still coa.r.s.er and more irregular in breadth, and ultimately expands into a wide valley on the N.E. It is connected with the Ariadaeus cleft by a branch which leaves the latter at an acute angle on the plain E. of Silberschlag, and joins it about midway between its origin N. of Agrippa and Hyginus. It is also probably joined to the Triesnecker system by one or more branches E. of Hyginus.

On May 27, 1877, Dr. Hermann Klein of Cologne discovered, with a 5 1/2 inch Plosel dialyte telescope, a dark apparent depression without a rim in the Mare Vaporum, a few miles N.W. of Hyginus, which, from twelve years' acquaintance with the region, he was certain had not been visible during that period. On the announcement of this discovery in the _Wochenschrift fur Astronomie_ in March of the following year, the existence of the object described by Dr. Klein was confirmed, and it was sedulously scrutinised under various solar alt.i.tudes. To most observers it appeared as an ill-defined object with a somewhat nebulous border, standing on an irregularly-shaped dusky area, with two or more small dark craters and many low ridges in its vicinity. A little E. of it stands a curious spiral mountain called the Schneckenberg. The question as to whether Hyginus N. (as the dusky spot is called) is a new object or not, cannot be definitely determined, as, in spite of a strong case in favour of it being so, there remains a residuum of doubt and uncertainty that can never be entirely cleared away. After weighing, however, all that can be said "for and against," the hypothesis of change seems to be the most probable.

UKERT.--This bright crater, 14 miles in diameter, situated in the region N.E. of Triesnecker, is surrounded by a very complicated arrangement of mountains; and on the N. and W. is flanked by other enclosures. It has a distinct central mountain. Its most noteworthy feature is the great valley, more than 80 miles long, which extends from N.E. to S.W. on the E. side of it. This gorge is at least six miles in breadth, of great depth, and is only comparable in magnitude with the well-known valley which cuts through the Alps, W. of Plato. A delicate cleft, not very clearly traceable as a whole, begins near its N. end, and terminates amid the ramifications of the Apennines S. of Marco Polo.