The British Navy Book Part 5

975), which are said to have been divided into three squadrons, cruising on the north, east, and west coasts of Great Britain; though Edward III, after the victory over the French at Sluys, was dubbed "King of the Sea"; and though Henry V got together the most formidable navy of his time, yet at none of these periods was there what we may term a navy of the realm. Indeed, for the two years, August, 1447, to August, 1449, there may be said to have been no navy at all, since during the whole of this time only 8, 9_s._ 7_d._ was expended upon what we now regard as our first line of defence.

At the death of Henry V, in 1422, the "Little Navy" disease broke out again, and nearly the whole of his fine fleet was sold. Things went from bad to worse, till the disgust and uneasiness of the nation found expression in a little work ent.i.tled _The Libel of English Policie_. The author, who is supposed to have been Bishop Adam de Molyns, exhorted the nation to "Keepe the Sea and namely the Narrow Sea", and also to secure both Dover and Calais. "Where bene our s.h.i.+ppes", says he, "where bene our swerdes become?" He went on to point out how much our naval force had deteriorated since the time when Edward III had caused the famous Golden n.o.ble to be struck, in which he is represented standing in a s.h.i.+p, sword in hand and s.h.i.+eld on arm, and thus referred to the signification of the device:

"Four things our n.o.ble sheweth unto me: King, s.h.i.+p and Sword and Power of the Sea".

That this appeal had some kind of effect is shown by the fact that in 1442 an order was issued "for to have upon the See continuelly, for the sesons of the yere fro Candlimes to Martymesse, viii s.h.i.+ppes with forstages; ye wiche s.h.i.+ppes, as it is thought, most have on with an other eche of hem cl men. Item, every grete s.h.i.+ppe most have attendyng opon hym a Barge and a Balynger." "Hym" strikes one, by the way, as a curious way to refer to a s.h.i.+p. These vessels with "iiii Spynes", which seem to have been what we might call dispatch vessels, were stationed, one at Bristol, two at Dartmouth, two in the Thames, one at Hull, and one at "the Newe Castell". The whole fleet combined was manned by 2160 men. It was a poor affair, but still it was better than nothing.

Then came the Wars of the Roses, which, naturally, diverted men's thoughts from the navy. That Edward IV, when he had established himself on the throne, had some idea of emulating the naval deeds of the third Edward may be suspected from his having issued a gold n.o.ble, which was evidently closely copied from the one we have already referred to. But nothing much was done either by him or by his successor, Richard Crookback, and it was left to Henry VII to reap the honour of being, to some extent, the founder of the Royal Navy of which we are all so proud.

Though by some his son, "Bluff King Hal", may be regarded in this light, on account of the very formidable fleet which he raised and organized and the improvements which he is said to have made in its s.h.i.+ps, yet I think we must admit that Henry VII laid the foundation-stone upon which his successor built.

He depended greatly on hired merchantmen--we do not despise this method of augmenting our navy even at the present day--but he resurrected the Royal Fleet. Though it was but a very small one, of only about a dozen s.h.i.+ps, yet two of them, at any rate, were finer s.h.i.+ps than any the British Navy had before possessed. These were the _Regent_ and the _Sovereign_. While we had neglected our s.h.i.+pbuilding, to carry on war between ourselves, it had progressed abroad, especially in France, and there is little doubt that the _Regent_, built on the River Rother, was inspired by the French s.h.i.+p _Columbe_, which, perhaps, was the s.h.i.+p which had brought Henry to England. The _Regent_ had four masts, the _Sovereign_ three, and each of them was much more like some of the s.h.i.+ps we are familiar with in pictures of the Spanish Armada fight than the old cogs of a few years previously, even in their most improved forms.

The armament of the _Regent_ consisted, it is said, of 225 "serpentines". The number is formidable, but not the weapons themselves.

They were merely what might be called breech-loading wall-pieces, corresponding to Chinese "jingalls", and firing b.a.l.l.s weighing from 4 to 6 ounces.

In a contemporary picture of the destruction of this s.h.i.+p in her action with the _Marie la Cordeliere_ in 1512, when both s.h.i.+ps caught fire and blew up, the _Regent_ is shown with very heavy guns firing through port-holes. Port-holes, by the way, are said to have been invented by Desharges, a Brest s.h.i.+pbuilder, in 1500. I am inclined to think that they were known at an earlier date--possibly Desharges invented port-_lids_. It is, of course, possible that these were cut in the _Regent_ some time after her original construction, and heavier guns mounted in place of some of her serpentines. According to some writers this s.h.i.+p was originally christened the _Great Harry_, while the _Sovereign_ was built out of the remains of an older s.h.i.+p called the _Grace Dieu_. As a very large and renowned _Henri Grace a Dieu_ was launched in 1514, there has been a considerable amount of confusion between one s.h.i.+p and the other. But if the _Regent_ was called the _Great Harry_, she had nothing whatever to do with the _Henri_, which is also sometimes referred to as the _Harry Grace a Dieu_.[17] As a matter of fact, the latter was built to replace the former, the loss of which was considered a national disaster, and so much so that an attempt was made to keep her fate a secret. "At the reverens of G.o.d", wrote Cardinal Wolsey, "kepe these tydyngs to yourselfe." There was probably another reason for the construction of an exceptionally fine s.h.i.+p, and that was the desire that the English should not be eclipsed by the Scots in this respect.

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE _GREAT HARRY_, THE FIRST BIG BATTLEs.h.i.+P OF THE BRITISH NAVY]

For, the year before the _Regent_ was blown up, the King of Scotland, who was hand in glove with the French, had put afloat what a contemporary chronicler terms "ane verrie monstrous great schip". This was the famous _Great Michael_. Her constructor was Jaques Tarret, a Frenchman, and it has been written that "she was of so great stature and took so much timber, that except Falkland, she wasted all the woods of Fife, which were oak wood, with all the timber that was gotten out of Norway". She took "a year and a day to build", and we are given her dimensions, which compare favourably in point of size with many much later line-of-battle s.h.i.+ps. "She was 12 score feet in length and 36 feet within the sides; she was 10 feet thick in the wall, and boarded on every side so slack and so thick that no cannon could go through her." It is rather difficult to understand what "slack" means in this context.

"This great s.h.i.+p", goes on the account, "c.u.mbered Scotland to get her to sea." By the time she was afloat and fully equipped she was reckoned to have cost the King from thirty to forty thousand pounds. She carried a heavy battery, and if her cannon were as formidable as their names, they must have been most effective in action. "She bore many cannons, six on every side, with three great Ba.s.sils, two behind in her dock, and one before, with three hundred shot of small Artillerie, that is to say, Myand and Battered Falcon and Quarter Falcon, Slings, pestilent Serpentines and Double Dogs, with Hagtar and Culvering, Cross-bows and Hand-bows. She had three hundred mariners to sail her: she had six score of gunners to use her artillery, and had a thousand men of war by her, Captains, Skippers, and Quartermasters." A "basil" or "basilisk", it may be explained, was a gun throwing a ball of 200 pounds weight, a much heavier projectile than any used at Trafalgar.

s.p.a.ce forbids further details as to the "menagerie" of other pieces that armed the decks of the _Great Michael_, but you will find more about these and other old-fas.h.i.+oned cannon in another chapter. As soon as she was afloat the King had her fired at to test the resistance of her tremendously thick sides, but, says our old writer, "the cannon deired hir not"; that is to say, could not penetrate her. This is the oldest experiment of the kind of which we have any record. But the most remarkable thing about the _Great Michael_--at least to my mind--is her size. According to the old account from which I have quoted, which, by the way, was written by one Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, she must have had almost the exact dimensions of the _Duke of Wellington_, one of the last and finest of our steam three-deckers. Now I have a perfect idea of _her_ size, because I had the honour of serving on board her for a couple of years. She was in the "sere and yellow leaf" then, her masts had gone, her engines had disappeared, and she had a roof which made her look much more like Noah's Ark than a battles.h.i.+p, but I can remember her in all her glory when she carried the flag of the commander-in-chief at Portsmouth. I was only a boy then, but I recollect that her appearance was fine in the extreme. In reckoning the beam of the _Great Michael_ we must remember to add 20 feet for the thickness of her sides, since Pitscottie only gives us her internal width. Having done this, I will put down the dimensions of the two s.h.i.+ps for comparison--

_Great Michael_, length, 240 feet; beam, 56 feet.

_Duke of Wellington_, length, 240 feet, 7 inches; beam, 60 feet, 1 inch.

Now if Pitscottie's figures are correct, either the _Michael_ must have been almost incredibly bigger than any s.h.i.+p of her day, or, as I have before suggested, the old war-s.h.i.+ps of that and earlier centuries were in reality a good deal larger than contemporary representations and records of "tunnage" would lead us to expect.

The old Scots writer, however, offers to prove his figures; for he says: "If any man believe that this s.h.i.+p was not as we have shewn, let him pa.s.s to the place of Tullibardine, where he will find the length and breadth of her set with hawthorne: as for my author he was Captain Andrew Wood, princ.i.p.al Captain of hir, and Robert Bartone, who was made her Skipper".

[Ill.u.s.tration: Rough Diagram, showing Comparative Sizes of Famous s.h.i.+ps at Different Periods

The sizes of these s.h.i.+ps can only be shown approximately, as in some cases only the length of the keel is known; in others a mean has to be taken between length of keel and length over-all; while in others the authority does not say where the length was measured. H.M.S. _Queen Elizabeth_--650 feet long, with a beam of 94 feet--is bigger than all the rest put together.]

With regard to the plan of the vessel in hawthorns, I am indebted to Lady Strathallan for the following interesting items: Tullibardine Castle has quite disappeared. What little was left of it was used in the construction of farm buildings from 1830-40. The spot where the hawthorns were planted to show the dimensions of the _Great Michael_ is still known, but there is nothing to mark it. When the great s.h.i.+p was built, the carpenter or "wright" of the castle went down to superintend the s.h.i.+pwrights. When he got home, as the people at the castle were very anxious to form some idea of the size of this "Dreadnought" of that period, he was given orders to have an excavation made of the exact size of the s.h.i.+p. The hawthorns were, it would appear, planted round the excavation, which was tilled with water and aquatic plants, and remained as an ornamental pond till about the time of the battle of Waterloo. In 1837 the shape of the vessel was distinctly perceptible, but three only remained of the hawthorn-trees that formerly surrounded it. Some time ago Lady Strathallan, anxious that this curious monument of antiquity should not disappear altogether, directed the forester to renew the hawthorn outline of the _Great Michael_. The trees were procured for the purpose, but the tenant of the farm on which it was situated objected that it would take up too much room in his field, so that the project was abandoned. It seems a thousand pities that something cannot, even now, be done to perpetuate this relic of the famous Scots man-of-war, which, year by year, is being rendered more and more indistinguishable by the plough. The field in which traces of the hollow may be looked for is situated 400 yards from the old parish chapel, which was restored a good many years ago and used as a burial vault.

The _Great Michael_ did not long remain a Scots s.h.i.+p. The fleet of Scotland went to France in 1513, and in the following year she was bought by Louis XII for 40,000 francs, to replace the _Cordeliere_, which, as you will remember, was blown up with the _Regent_. This brings us back to the _Henri Grace a Dieu_, which was built to replace the latter s.h.i.+p. But before we turn our attention to her we cannot but note the difference between the alleged cost of the _Great Michael_ and that for which she was sold. The bargain does not seem worthy of the Scots reputation for "canniness". But we must bear in mind that a "pound Scots" was not at all the same thing as an English pound at that date.

Ever since 1355 its value had been falling, till by 1603 it was only worth twenty pence instead of twenty s.h.i.+llings. It was, in fact, at the time of the sale, the kind of "silver pound" that the "chieftain to the Highlands bound" paid or promised the boatman if he would row Lord Ullin's daughter and himself "o'er the ferry". But even if we put it at about a tenth of a pound sterling in 1513, the bargain seems a poor one.

Probably it was more of a political deal than anything else, comparable to the German sale of the _Goeben_ to Turkey.

The _Henri Grace a Dieu_--I think we may as well call her the _Henri_ for short, and save time and paper--is a s.h.i.+p about which we have the most extended information in some respects--those dealing with her decoration and equipment, for instance; but we are left entirely in the dark as to her size and measurements. The only dimensions I have been able to find are those indicated on a plan which, on very insufficient grounds, is claimed to be a copy of the official one on which she was built, and which is stated to be--or at any rate to have been within the last century--at Plymouth dockyard. So far this original has not been traced, and I may remark that anyone who knows anything about the Navy would not dream of referring to the dockyard in the western port except as "Devonport Dockyard". However, I give the dimensions for what they may be worth--not much, I think:

Length, 145 feet; beam, 35 feet 9 inches; tonnage, 839.

Now if this, by any chance, is anything like correct she must have been a very much smaller s.h.i.+p than the _Great Michael_, which is not very likely, since Henry VIII would naturally have wanted "to go one better".

Moreover, she is generally credited as having been of at least a thousand tons displacement, and carried a battery little, if any, inferior in weight and numbers to that of the _Michael_.

She was heavily equipped with ordnance, very little of which is apparent in her pictures. According to her inventories she carried something like 185 guns of all sorts and sizes, but many of these must have been kept on sh.o.r.e as reserve stores. She is generally credited with carrying 14 heavy guns on the lower and 12 on the main deck, and 46 light cannon on her upper works. Some of the large and all the smaller ones were breech-loaders, and as most were provided with at least two "chambers"

or breech-pieces, which contained the powder-charge and could be quickly subst.i.tuted one for the other, we may almost call them "quick-firers".

She was gorgeously decorated in the first place, and p.o.o.p, waist, forecastle, and tops were hung with s.h.i.+elds showing alternately the St.

George's Cross, the Golden Fleur-de-Lis on a blue ground, and the Tudor Rose on a green and white ground. Her sails were woven with a decorative design in gold damask, and she carried a lion figure-head, but the lion was badly executed and a very tame one. Like all Tudor s.h.i.+ps she flew a profusion of flags, standards, and immense streamers bearing the St.

George's Cross, the fly or long-pointed end being half green and half white. These were the Tudor livery colours. The plain red-cross flag or "Jack" was well in evidence and generally carried on the fore masthead as well as among the smaller flags placed on poles at equal distances along the bulwarks. The royal standard was also carried, but not in every s.h.i.+p, and sometimes it appears "impaled" with the national red-cross flag--that is to say, the two were placed side by side on the same flag.

The national status of the Royal Navy was becoming recognized. Before this time, though the English "Jack" generally found a place somewhere on board an English s.h.i.+p, the banners and pennons of the n.o.bles and knights on board were most in evidence. Now we see nothing but royal and national emblems. In the war with France in 1455 the s.h.i.+ps of the squadron forming the "van" or leading portion of the fleet carried the St. George's Cross at the fore, those of the centre at the main, and the rear squadron at the mizzen.

In describing the _Henri_ we have practically described all the "great s.h.i.+ppes" of her cla.s.s, of which there were a considerable number, though none were quite so large, or probably quite so elaborately decorated. Of course she was what we may call "a show s.h.i.+p", like the _Royal James_ and _Sovereign of the Seas_ of a later date.

But by 1546, if we may accept Anthony Anthony's _Roll_ as correct, "timber colour" with scarlet masts and spars was uniform for all cla.s.ses of s.h.i.+ps.

But it is time we turned our attention to the men who manned them. The changes in this respect were quite as important as those we have noted in the s.h.i.+ps themselves. To begin with, the n.o.bles and gentry of the kingdom were beginning to wake up to the fact that war afloat offered them at least equal opportunities of distinction to those they had hitherto looked for in land warfare. Besides, they had now little or no chance of that at home, and there was no longer any land frontier over in France across which they could ride and raid and harry and fight as their fathers and grandfathers had so often done. Naval strategy was still confined to cross raiding, but s.h.i.+ps were now better fighting-machines and were not merely used as platforms for hand-to-hand fighting and as transports; so that men of the cla.s.s which had hitherto looked down on s.h.i.+ps and sailors began to turn their eyes towards the sea.

[Ill.u.s.tration: s.h.i.+ps of the Time of Henry VIII

(_From a Drawing of 1545_)

Looking at the lofty hulls, the immense mainsails, and the nearness of the ports to the water-line, we can easily understand how a want of care wrecked the _Mary Rose_. The s.h.i.+p in the background on the right is apparently trying to reduce sail, and has had to lower her main-yard.

Her mainsail is almost in the water, to the apparent danger of the s.h.i.+p.]

This does not mean that they became seamen. No, they still remained and considered themselves soldiers, and did not trouble to learn any seamans.h.i.+p. That was still the special job of the master or skipper. But they recognized that the command of a fighting-s.h.i.+p was worth having. I may instance the Carew family.[18] At least three of them were serving in command of s.h.i.+ps in the battle at Spithead in 1545. Sir George Carew lost his life when his s.h.i.+p, the _Mary Rose_, went down; his brother, Peter Carew, who had been a year or two before in command of a company of infantry in the English army in France, commanded a Venetian s.h.i.+p--probably hired--the _Francis...o...b..rdado_; while their uncle, Sir Gawen Carew, commanded a third. As for the men, the seamen, thanks to more seaworthy vessels, had probably improved in their seamans.h.i.+p, while the navy was formed into a regularly-organized force consisting of "mariners, soldiers"--or, as we should call them now, marines--"and gunners". Every s.h.i.+p had her proper complement of each. Thus the _Henri Grace a Dieu_ carried 260 seamen, 400 soldiers, and 40 gunners; the _Mary Rose_ 180 seamen, 200 soldiers, and 20 gunners; the _Peter Pomgranate_ 130 seamen, 150 soldiers, and 20 gunners; and so forth, according to size.

[Ill.u.s.tration: A SEA FIGHT IN TUDOR TIMES

_Facsimile woodcut from "Holinshed's Chronicles"_

Which particular battle this picture is supposed to represent cannot be stated, since old Holinshed uses it over and over again for almost every naval engagement to which he makes reference right back as far as the Conquest. That cannon were not then in existence does not appear to trouble him at all. But we may take it as fairly representative of an action at sea in the times in which the historian lived and wrote.]

Though there are indications of a somewhat similar arrangement in earlier times, it would appear that the seamen were either paid by the king or hired with their s.h.i.+p, while the soldiers were paid by some n.o.ble or even bishop who had supplied them as a feudal obligation.

The pay does not seem to have been quite so liberal as in former times, but it was not bad if we allow for the difference in its value compared with that of to-day. In the _Gabriel Royal_, for instance, Sir William Trevellian, the captain--a soldier--got 1_s._ 6_d._ a day. The master and the rest of her company, officers, seamen, and soldiers, got 5_s._ a month (of twenty-eight days), but the master and other officers got in addition what were called "dead shares", in number from six to one-half. This means that the master got six men's pay besides his own--altogether 35_s._--a month, and so on in proportion. The gunners got extra pay, called "rewards"--we might call it "efficiency pay"--varying from 5_s._ a month for the master gunner to 1_s._ 8_d._ for the private gunners.

The provision allowance was respectable--England was renowned for good feeding at this period. Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays each man had 1/2 pound of beef and 1/4 pound of bacon for his dinner, and the same for supper. On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Sat.u.r.days they had to be content with two herrings and 1/8 pound of cheese for each of these meals, while on Fridays or "ffishe days beynge ffastinge dayes" they had to go without supper, but for dinner had either half a cod or half a stock fish and a pound of b.u.t.ter between four men, or, if they preferred it, could divide ten herrings and a pound of cheese between them. As for bread, every man got either a pound of bread or biscuit daily, while instead of the "grog" or "optional cocoa" of to-day, he got a liberal allowance either of beer or "beverage" made of two parts water to one of "sack".

As for the clothing of the Royal Navy, we have very little information so far as the Tudor period is concerned. That there was some attempt at uniformity may be gathered from the constant references to the provision of coats or jackets of green and white cloth. Some were satin or damask of the same colouring, presumably for officers. But what these garments were like we do not know. In Anthony Anthony's drawing of the _Galley Subtle_ the master of the s.h.i.+p appears in the old "jack" with the red cross, while the rowers are apparently clad in pink. This may be intended to represent their bare flesh, for they might be stripped to the waist for rowing, but it is more probable that it was originally red and that the colour has faded. It is said that the rowers of Henry VIII's royal barge wore this colour, and it seems quite possible that the _Galley Subtle_, the only one of her cla.s.s and a profusely-decorated vessel, _was_ regarded as the royal barge.

We know, too, from the costume of the Yeomen of the Guard, or "Beefeaters", that red was making its appearance as a military colour, for their uniform is that of Henry VIII's body-guard. The standard under which Henry VII secured the crown at the battle of Bosworth Field was a red dragon on a white and green field, and was supposed to represent that of Cadwallader, the last of the British kings, from whom the victor claimed descent. The descent, I dare say, was genuine enough, but Cadwallader must have died before the invention of heraldry. But Wales has always been a.s.sociated with a dragon of this kind, which has from time immemorial been a world-wide emblem of sovereignty. Henry seems to have adopted the colour of the dragon as the royal livery colour--as it remains to-day--but at the same time retained the white and green for the navy. Much in the same way "blue" is accepted as a royal colour, and as such is worn as the facings of royal regiments and as the uniform of the Royal Navy and Royal Artillery.

But it seems probable that blue--very possibly from dye of that colour being easily procurable; the Ancient Britons, we may remember, decorated themselves with blue woad--had been for centuries a very usual colour for seamen to wear; and when, in 1553, Sir Hugh Willoughby's North Sea expedition was fitted out all his crews were provided with "parade suits" of "Wachett or Skie-coloured cloth". Watchett was a place in Somersets.h.i.+re where this special material was made. But these, perhaps, were not men actually belonging to the Royal Navy. As for the soldiers or marines, we may suppose that they wore the white "jack" with the red cross, which was so universal at this time that "whitecoat" was used for "soldier" just as "redcoat" was at a later date. The "gunners" wore the white and green and may have been regarded as "seamen gunners".

FOOTNOTES:

[17] She was first called the _Gret Carrick_, then _Imperyall Carrick_, next _Henry Imperiall_. The name _Henri Grace a Dieu_ was written with all kinds of variations; sometimes she was merely called the _Harry_, and finally, after King Harry's death, the _Edward_.

[18] Each of the Carews adopted the badge of a s.h.i.+p's "fighting-top", which still appears as the crest of the family.

CHAPTER VII