The Evolution of States Part 13

[Footnote 246: See refs. in Fustel de Coulanges, _La cite antique_, 1.

iii, ch. xviii, p. 265.]

[Footnote 247: Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, 6.]

[Footnote 248: Cp. the _Republic_, v, and the _Laws_ (bks. v, xi; Jowett's tr. 3rd ed. v, pp. 122, 313) with the _Politics_, vii, 16.]

[Footnote 249: _Fr. Vat._ x.x.xvii, 9.]

[Footnote 250: Cp. Hume, essay cited, as to the slight effect of the exposure check in China.]

[Footnote 251: Above, p. 101.]

[Footnote 252: Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, 9; Plutarch, _Agis_, c. 7.]

[Footnote 253: Athenaeus, citing Phylarchus, iv, 20.]

[Footnote 254: Grote, x, 402; Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 457; _Greek World under Roman Sway_, p. 237; M'Culloch, _Treatises and Essays_, ed. 1859, pp. 276-78.]

[Footnote 255: Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 452.]

[Footnote 256: M'Culloch, as cited, p. 275.]

[Footnote 257: Thucydides, i, 93.]

[Footnote 258: Grote, iv, 341, 342.]

[Footnote 259: Citations in Boeckh, bk. i, ch. 12.]

[Footnote 260: Boeckh, bk. i, ch. 12. Cp. De Pauw, _Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs_, 1787, i, 55-60.]

[Footnote 261: See E. Ardaillon, _Les mines du Laurion dans l'antiquite_, 1897, ch. v.]

[Footnote 262: The mines of Laurium, though anciently worked by the "Pelasgi," do not figure in Athenian history till the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Ardaillon, pp. 126-27.]

[Footnote 263: As to the enormous cost in labour and money of such buildings as the Propylaea and the Parthenon, cp. Mahaffy, _Survey of Greek Civilisation_, p. 143, and M'Cullagh, _Industrial History of the Free Nations_, 1846, i, 166, 167.]

[Footnote 264: "Before the Persian war Athens had contributed less than many other cities, her inferiors in magnitude and in political importance, to the intellectual progress of Greece. She had produced no artists to be compared with those of Argos, Corinth, Sicyon, aegina, Laconia, and of many cities both in the eastern and western colonies.

She could boast of no poets so celebrated as those of the Ionian and aeolian Schools. But ... in the period between the Persian and the Peloponnesian wars both literature and the fine arts began to tend towards Athens as their most favoured seat" (Thirlwall, vol. iii, ch.

xviii, pp. 70, 71). "Never before or since has life developed so richly"

(Abbott, ii, 415). Cp. Holm, Eng. tr. ii, 156, 157.]

[Footnote 265: This view appears to be substantially at one with the reasoning of Dr. Cunningham (_Western Civilisation_, pp. 112-23). I must dissent, however, from his apparent position (pp. 119-21) that it was the _mode_ of the expenditure that was wrong, and that Athens might have employed her ill-gotten capital "productively" in the modern economic sense. The cases of Miletus and Tyre, cited by him, seem to be beside the argument.]

[Footnote 266: Plutarch, _Pericles_, c. 11.]

[Footnote 267: Cp. Thirlwall, small ed. iii, 67.]

[Footnote 268: _On the Revenues._]

[Footnote 269: As cited, bk. iv, ch. xxi.]

[Footnote 270: Boeckh's arguments, denounced by Lewis, need not be adhered to; but the whole theorem is so fantastic that Lewis's general vindication of it is puzzling (Trans. pref. xv, _note_).]

[Footnote 271: See Hertzberg, _Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Romer_, Theil ii, Kap. 2, p. 200, as to the vast estates now acquired by a few.]

[Footnote 272: In Magna Graecia, in particular, the whole Pythagorean movement had such a.s.sociations in a high degree. Note the frequency of names beginning anax (= king or chief) in the history of early Greek philosophy.]

[Footnote 273: Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 136.]

[Footnote 274: _Idem_, pp. 145-49; Gibbon, Bohn ed. iv, 352.]

[Footnote 275: _E.g._, the whole population of Corinth; and 150,000 inhabitants of Epirus.]

[Footnote 276: Cp. Finlay, i, 23.]

[Footnote 277: They exacted from Macedonia only half the tribute it had paid to its kings; but there is a strong presumption that it was too impoverished after the war to pay more.]

[Footnote 278: "The extraordinary payments levied on the provinces soon equalled, and sometimes exceeded, the regular taxes" (Finlay, i, 39).

Cp. Mahaffy, _Greek World under Roman Sway_, pp. 145, 156, 159, 161, 162.]

[Footnote 279: Cp. Hertzberg, _Gesch. Griechenlands unter der Herrsch.

der Romer_, Th. i, Kap. 5, pp. 486-91.]

[Footnote 280: Finlay, i, 45, 46, 74.]

[Footnote 281: "We stand [1st c. A.C.] before a decayed society of very rich men and slaves" (Mahaffy, _Greek World_, p. 268).]

[Footnote 282: Finlay, i, 73. But cp. Frazer, _Pausanias_, 1900, p. 4, as to the decay in the second century.]

[Footnote 283: This was soon withdrawn by Vespasian, but apparently with circ.u.mspection. In the first century A.C. the administration seems to have been unoppressive (Mahaffy, _Greek World_, pp. 233, 237).]

[Footnote 284: Hertzberg (_Gesch. Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Romer_, Th. ii, Kap. 2, p. 189) rejects the statement of Finlay that Greece reached the lowest degree of misery and depopulation under the Flavian emperors ("about the time of Vespasian" is the first expression in the revised ed. i, 80). But Finlay contradicts himself: cp. p. 66.

Hertzberg again (iii, 116) speaks of a "furchtbar zunehmende sociale Noth des dritten Jahrhunderts" at Athens, without making the fact clear.

See below.]

[Footnote 285: This is noted by Finlay (i, 143) in regard to the later surrender of a large Mesopotamian territory by Jovian to Shapur II, when the whole Greek population of the ceded districts was forced to emigrate.]

[Footnote 286: Cp. Finlay, i, 264, 267-69.]

[Footnote 287: Finlay, i, 141. See p. 142 as to the recognition of the military importance of Greece by Julian.]

[Footnote 288: Cp. Finlay, i, 161. as to the ruin wrought at the end of the fourth century by Alaric; and pp. 253, 297, 303, 316, as to that wrought in the sixth century by Huns, Sclavonians, and Avars.]

[Footnote 289: Soteriaotai is one of the group-names preserved.]

[Footnote 290: They are already seen established in the laws of Solon.]

[Footnote 291: Foucart, _Des a.s.sociations religieuses chez les Grecs_, 1873, pp. 5-10.]