Studies in Civics Part 55

5 Captains, $4,500 6 Commanders, $3,500.

7 Lieutenant Commanders, $2,800.

SUBORDINATE s.h.i.+P OFFICERS:

8 Lieutenants, $2,400 to $2,600.

9 Masters, $1,800 to $2,000.

10 Ensigns, $1,200 to $1,400.

For names of officers, see Political Almanac.

JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. (Names of the Chief Justices in italics)

SERVICE NAME TERM YEARS BORN DIED _John Jay_, N Y 1789 1795 6 1745 1829 John Rutledge, S C 1789 1791 2 1739 1800 William Cus.h.i.+ng, Ma.s.s 1789 1800 21 1733 1810 James Wilson, Pa 1789 1798 9 1742 1798 John Blair, Va 1789 1796 7 1732 1800 Robert H Harrison, Md 1789 1790 1 1745 1790 James Iredell, N C 1790 1799 9 1751 1799 Thomas Johnson, Md 1791 1793 2 1732 1819 William Paterson, N J 1793 1806 13 1745 1806 _John Rutledge_, S C 1795 1739 1800 Samuel Chase, Md 1796 1811 15 1741 1811 _Oliver Ellsworth_, Ct 1796 1800 5 1745 1807 Bushrod Was.h.i.+ngton, Va 1798 1829 31 1762 1829 Alfred Moore, N C 1799 1804 5 1755 1835 _John Marshall_, Va 1801 1835 34 1771 1834 William Johnson, S C 1804 1834 30 1757 1823 Brock Livingston, N Y 1806 1823 17 1765 1826 Thomas Todd, Ky 1807 1826 19 1765 1826 Joseph Story, Ma.s.s 1811 1845 34 1770 1846 Gabriel Duval, Md 1811 1836 25 1732 1844 Smith Thompson, N Y 1823 1843 20 1767 1843 Robert Trimble, Ky 1826 1828 2 1777 1828 John McLean, Ohio 1829 1861 32 1785 1861 Henry Baldwin, Pa 1830 1844 16 1779 1844 James M Wayne, Ga 1835 1867 32 1790 1867 _Roger B Taney_, Md 1836 1864 28 1777 1864 Philip P Barbour, Va 1836 1841 5 1783 1841 John Catron, Tenn 1837 1865 28 1786 1865 John McKinley, Ala 1837 1852 15 1780 1852 Peter V Daniel, Va 1841 1860 19 1785 1860 Samuel Nelson, N Y 1845 1872 27 1792 1873 Levi Woodbury, N H 1845 1851 6 1789 1851 Robert C Grier, Pa 1846 1870 23 1794 1870 Benj R Curtis, Ma.s.s 1851 1857 6 1800 1874 John A Campbell, Ala 1853 1861 8 1811 1889 Nathan Clifford, Maine 1858 1881 23 1803 1881 Noah H Swayne, Ohio 1861 1881 20 1804 1884 Samuel F Miller, Iowa 1862 1890 28 1816 1890 David Davis, Ill 1862 1877 15 1815 1885 Stephen J Field, Cal 1863 1816 _Salmon P Chase_, Ohio 1864 1873 9 1808 1873 William Strong, Pa 1870 1880 10 1808 Joseph P Bradley, N J 1870 1892 22 1818 1892 Ward Hunt, N Y 1872 1882 10 1811 1886 _Morrison R Waite_, Ohio 1874 1888 14 1816 1888 John M Harlan, Ky 1877 1877 William B Woods, Ga 1880 1887 7 1824 1887 Stanley Matthews, Ohio 1881 1889 8 1824 1889 Horace Gray, Ma.s.s 1881 1828 Samuel Blatchford, N Y 1882 1893 11 1820 1893 Lucius Q C Lamar, Miss 1888 1993 5 1825 1893 _Melville W Fuller_, Ill 1888 1833 David J Brewer, Kan 1889 1837 Henry B Brown, Mich 1890 1836 George s.h.i.+ras Jr, Pa 1892 1832 Howell D Jackson, Tenn 1893 1895 2 1832 1895 Edward D White, La 1893 1845 Rufus W Peckham 1895 1837

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT.

Each Congressional District and Territory--also the District of Columbia-- is ent.i.tled to have one cadet at the Academy. There are also ten appointments at large, specially conferred by the President of the United States. The number of students is thus limited to three hundred and seventy-one.

Appointments are usually made one year in advance of date of admission, by the Secretary of War, upon the nomination of the Representative. These nominations may either be made after compet.i.tive examinations or given direct, at the option of the Representative. Appointees to the Military Academy must be between seventeen and twenty-two years of age, free from any infirmity which may render them unfit for military service, and able to pa.s.s a careful examination in reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and history of the United States.

The course of instruction, which is quite thorough, requires four years, and is largely mathematical and professional. About one-fourth of those appointed usually fail to pa.s.s the preliminary examination, and but little over one-half the remainder are finally graduated. The discipline is very strict--even more so than in the army--and the enforcement of penalties for offences is inflexible rather than severe. Academic duties begin September 1 and continue until June 1. Examinations are held in each January and June.

From about the middle of June to the end of August cadets live in camp, engaged only in military duties and receiving practical military instruction. Cadets are allowed but one leave of absence during the four years' course, and this is granted at the expiration of the first two years. The pay of a cadet is five hundred and forty dollars per year. Upon graduating, cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants in the United States Army.

The Academy was established by act of Congress in 1802. An annual Board of Visitors is appointed, seven being appointed by the President of the United States, two by the President of the Senate, and three by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. They visit the Academy in June, and are present at the concluding exercises of the graduating cla.s.s of that year.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT ANNAPOLIS.

There are allowed at the Academy one naval cadet for each Member or Delegate of the United States House of Representatives, one for the District of Columbia, and ten at large. The appointment of cadets at large and for the District of Columbia is made by the President. The Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each year as possible, must notify in writing each Member and Delegate of the House of Representatives of any vacancy that may exist in his district. The nomination of a candidate to fill the vacancy is made, on the recommendation of the Member or Delegate, by the Secretary. Candidates must be actual residents of the districts from which they are nominated.

The course of naval cadets is six years, the last two of which are spent at sea. Candidates at the time of their examination for admission must be not under fifteen nor over twenty years of age, and physically sound, well formed, and of robust condition. They enter the Academy immediately after pa.s.sing the prescribed examinations, and are required to sign articles binding themselves to serve in the United States Navy eight years (including the time of probation at the Naval Academy), unless sooner discharged. The pay of a naval cadet is five hundred dollars a year, beginning at the date of admission.

At least ten appointments from among the graduates are made each year.

Surplus graduates who do not receive appointments are given a certificate of graduation, an honorable discharge, and one year's sea pay.

The Academy was founded in 1845 by the Hon. George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Polk. It was formally opened October 10 of that year, with Commander Franklin Buchanan as Superintendent. During the Civil War it was removed from Annapolis, Md., to Newport, R.I., but was returned to the former place in 1865. It is under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department.

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: This table went horizontally across two pages, so it's given in pieces, with line numbers, as some of the others were.]

+===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ | |Ratios |Consti- |33,900 |33,900 |35,000 |40,000 |47,000 | | | |tution | | | | | | | +===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ | |States |1787 |1790 |1800 |1810 |1820 |1830 | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ |1 |Alabama |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |8 |5 | |2 |Arkansas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] | |3 |California |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |4 |Colorado |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |5 |Connecticut |5 |7 |7 |7 |6 |6 | |6 |Delaware |1 |1 |1 |2 |1 |1 | |7 |Florida |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |8 |Georgia |3 |2 |4 |6 |7 |9 | |9 |Idaho |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |10 |Illinois |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |8 | |11 |Indiana |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |7 | |12 |Iowa |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |13 |Kansas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |14 |Kentucky |.... |2[1] |6 |10 |12 |13 | |15 |Louisiana |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |3 | |16 |Maine |.... |.... |.... |7[1] |7 |8 | |17 |Maryland |8 |8 |9 |9 |9 |8 | |18 |Ma.s.sachusetts |8 |14 |17 |20 |13 |12 | |19 |Michigan |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] | |20 |Minnesota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |21 |Mississippi |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |3 | |22 |Missouri |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |2 | |23 |Montana |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |24 |Nebraska |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |25 |Nevada |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |26 |New Hamps.h.i.+re |3 |4 |5 |6 |6 |5 | |27 |New Jersey |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |6 | |28 |New York |6 |10 |17 |27 |34 |40 | |29 |North Carolina |5 |10 |12 |13 |13 |13 | |30 |North Dakota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |31 |Ohio |.... |.... |1[1] |6 |14 |19 | |32 |Oregon |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |33 |Pennsylvania |8 |13 |18 |23 |25 |28 | |34 |Rhode Island |1 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 | |35 |South Carolina |5 |6 |8 |9 |9 |9 | |36 |South Dakota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |37 |Tennessee |.... |1[1] |3 |6 |9 |13 | |38 |Texas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |39 |Utah |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |40 |Vermont |.... |2[1] |4 |6 |5 |5 | |41 |Virginia |10 |19 |22 |23 |22 |12 | |42 |Was.h.i.+ngton |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |43 |West Virginia |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |44 |Wisconsin |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |45 |Wyoming |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ |46 |Totals |65 |106 |142 |193 |213 |234 | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: Continued from previous table.]

+===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ | |70,680 |93,420 |127,000 |131,425 |151,912 |173,901 |47,000 | | +=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ | |1840 |1850 |1860 |1870 |1880 |1890 |1830 | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ |1 |7 |7 |6 |8 |8 |9 |5 | |2 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |1[1] | |3 |2[1] |2 |3 |4 |6 |7 |.... | |4 |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |2 |.... | |5 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |6 | |6 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 | |7 |1[1] |1 |1 |2 |2 |2 |.... | |8 |8 |8 |7 |9 |10 |11 |9 | |9 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |10 |7 |9 |14 |19 |20 |22 |8 | |11 |10 |11 |11 |13 |13 |13 |7 | |12 |2[1] |2 |6 |9 |11 |11 |.... | |13 |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |7 |8 |.... | |14 |10 |10 |9 |10 |11 |11 |13 | |15 |4 |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |3 | |16 |7 |6 |5 |5 |4 |4 |8 | |17 |6 |6 |5 |6 |6 |6 |8 | |18 |10 |11 |10 |11 |12 |13 |12 | |19 |3 |4 |6 |9 |11 |12 |1[1] | |20 |.... |2[1] |2 |3 |5 |7 |.... | |21 |4 |5 |5 |6 |7 |7 |3 | |22 |5 |7 |9 |13 |14 |15 |2 | |23 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |.... | |24 |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |3 |6 |.... | |25 |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |1 |1 |.... | |26 |4 |3 |3 |3 |2 |2 |5 | |27 |5 |5 |5 |7 |7 |8 |6 | |28 |34 |33 |31 |33 |34 |34 |40 | |29 |9 |8 |7 |8 |9 |9 |13 | |30 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |.... | |31 |21 |21 |19 |20 |21 |21 |19 | |32 |.... |1[1] |1 |1 |1 |2 |.... | |33 |24 |25 |24 |27 |28 |30 |28 | |34 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 | |35 |7 |6 |4 |5 |7 |7 |9 | |36 |.... |.... |.... |.... |2[1] |2 |.... | |37 |11 |10 |8 |10 |10 |10 |13 | |38 |2[1] |2 |4 |6 |11 |13 |.... | |39 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |.... | |40 |4 |3 |3 |3 |2 |2 |5 | |41 |15 |13 |11 |9 |10 |10 |12 | |42 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |2 |.... | |43 |.... |.... |3[1] |3 |4 |4 |.... | |44 |2[1] |3 |6 |8 |9 |10 |.... | |45 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1 |.... | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ |46 |232 |246 |246 |293 |330 |357 |234 | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: The data below is from the same table, but can stand on its own.]

+===============+=================================+ |States |Territory, How Obtained | +===============+=================================+ |Alabama |Ceded by S.C. and Ga. | |Arkansas |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |California |Ceded by Mexico. | |Colorado |From France and Mexico. | |Connecticut |One of original thirteen. | |Delaware |One of original thirteen. | |Florida |Part of Florida purchase. | |Georgia |One of original thirteen. | |Idaho |Part of "Oregon Country." | |Illinois |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Indiana |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Iowa |Part of Louisiana Purchase. | |Kansas |From France and Texas. | |Kentucky |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Louisiana |Part of Louisiana Purchase. | |Maine |From Ma.s.sachusetts. | |Maryland |One of original thirteen. | |Ma.s.sachusetts |One of original thirteen. | |Michigan |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Minnesota |From Virginia and France. | |Mississippi |Ceded by Ga. and S. Carolina. | |Missouri |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Montana |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Nebraska |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Nevada |Part of Mexican cession. | |New Hamps.h.i.+re |One of original thirteen. | |New Jersey |One of original thirteen. | |New York |One of original thirteen. | |North Carolina |One of original thirteen. | |North Dakota |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Ohio |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Oregon |France, Spain and Great Britain. | |Pennsylvania |One of original thirteen. | |Rhode Island |One of original thirteen. | |South Carolina |One of original thirteen. | |South Dakota |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Tennessee |Ceded to U.S. by N. Carolina. | |Texas |Independent republic. | |Utah |Part of Mexican cession. | |Vermont |Ceded to U.S. by New York. | |Virginia |One of original thirteen. | |Was.h.i.+ngton |Exploration and treaty. | |West Virginia |Portion of Virginia. | |Wisconsin |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Wyoming |Part of "Oregon Country." | +===============+=================================+

TABULAR VIEW OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT OF MINNESOTA

Senators/Representatives: Created : Const.i.tution.

How Chosen: By the People in Senatorial Districts.

Duties : Make Laws.

Beginning : First Monday in January.

Vacancy : New Election.

Bonds : None.

Senators: No. : 63 Duties : Try Impeachments, Confirm Appointments.

Term : 4 years.

Removal : 2/3 of Senate.

Salary : $5 a day and Mileage.

Representatives: No. : 119 Duties : Impeach, Originate Revenue Bills.

Term : 2 years.

Removal : 2/3 of H. of R.

Salary : $5 a day and Mileage; Speaker, $10.

Governor/Lieutenant-Governor/State Auditor/State Treasurer/Secretary of State/Attorney General: Created : By the Const.i.tution.

No. : 1 How Chosen: By the People of the State on a General Ticket.

Beginning : First Monday in January.

Removal : Impeachment by House of R. and Conviction by Senate.

Governor: Duties : Execute Laws, Veto, Appointments, Pardons.

Term : 2 years.

Vacancy : Lieut.-Gov.

Bonds : None.

Salary : $5,000 a year.

Lieutenant-Governor: Duties : Preside over Senate, Act as Governor in Vacancy.

Term : 2 years.

Vacancy : Not filled.

Bonds : None.

Salary : $10 a day during Leg.