Manual of Military Training Part 146

------------------------------------------------------------------------- Companies -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+---------------- Infantry (12) | Headquarters (1) | Machine Gun (1) | Supply (1) -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+---------------- 1 Captain | 1 Captain, mounted,| 1 Captain, Mtd. | 1 Captain, Mtd.

1 1st Lieut. | (Regtl. Adjt.) | 1 1st Lt., Mtd. | 1 2nd Lt., Mtd.

1 2nd Lieut. | | 2 2nd Lts., Mtd.|-- -- | 1 Regtl. Sergt. |-- | 2 3 | Major, mounted. | 4 |-- -- | 3 Batln. Sergts. |-- | 3 Regtl. Supply | Major, mounted. | 1 1st Sergt., | Sergts., Mtd.

1 1st Sergt. | 1 1st Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 1st Sergt., 1 Mess Sergt. | (drum major) | 1 Mess Sergt. | Mtd.

1 Supply Sergt.| 2 Color Sergts. | 1 Supply Sergt.,| 1 Mess Sergt.

6 Sergts. | 1 Mess Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 Stable Sergt.

11 Corpls. | 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Stable Sergt.,| 1 Corpl., Mtd.

2 Cooks | 1 Stable Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 Cook 2 Buglers | 1 Sergt. | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r | 1 Saddler 1 Mechanic | 2 Cooks | 5 Sergeants | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r 19 Pvts. (1st | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r | 6 Corporals | 1 Wagoner for Cla.s.s) | 1 Band leader | 2 Cooks | each 56 Pvts. | 1 a.s.st. Band leader| 2 Buglers | authorized --- | 1 Sergt. bugler | 1 Mechanic | wagon 100 | 2 Band Sergts. | 8 Pvts., 1st | of the field --- | 4 Band Corpls. | Cla.s.s | and combat (The President | 2 Musicians, 1st |24 Privates | train.

may add 2 | Cla.s.s |-- | Sergts., 6 | 4 Musicians, 2nd |53 | Corpls., 1 | Cla.s.s |-- | Mechanic, 9 Pvts.|13 Musicians, 3rd |(The President | 1st Cla.s.s and 31 | Cla.s.s |may add 2 | Pvts.--total, 49)| 4 Pvts., 1st Cla.s.s,|Sergts., 2 | | Mtd. |Corpls., | |12 Pvts, Mtd. |1 Mechanic, | |-- |4 Pvts., 1st | |58 |Cla.s.s and 12 | |-- |Pvts.--total, | | |21) | -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------

=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To Hdqrs. Co., 27 riding horses; to Machine Gun Co., 6 riding horses and 8 pack mules; to Supply Co., 3 riding horses; to each Battalion Hdqrs., 6 riding horses, 1 wagon, 4 draft mules, and 2 mounted orderlies; to Regtl. Hdqrs., 5 riding horses.

Composition of Cavalry Units

------------------------------------+------------------------------------ Regiment | Squadrons (3) ------------------------------------+------------------------------------ Each | Each ------------------------------------+------------------------------------ 1 Colonel | 1 Major 1 Lt. Colonel | 1 1st Lieut., squadron adjutant 3 Majors | 15 Captains | 4 troops 16 1st Lieuts. | 16 2nd Lieuts. | _Attached_ -- | 52 | 1 Squadron Sergt. Major -- | (from Hdqrs. Troop) | 1 Hdqrs. Troop | 1 Machine Gun Troop | 1 Supply Troop | 12 Troops organized into 3 | squadrons of 4 troops each | | _Attached_ | | 1 Major, Med. Dept. | 3 Capts., or 1st Lieuts., | Med. Dept. | 1 Chaplain | ------------------------------------+------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- Troops -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+---------------- Cavalry (12) | Headquarters (1) | Machine Gun (1) | Supply (1) -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+---------------- 1 Captain | 1 Captain, Regtl. | 1 Captain | 1 Captain, 1 1st Lieut. | Adjt. | 1 1st Lieut. | Regtl. Supply 1 2nd Lieut. | 1 Regtl. Sergeant | 2 2nd Lieuts. | Officer -- | Major |-- | 2 2nd Lieuts.

3 | 3 Squadron Sergts. | 4 |-- -- | Major |-- | 3 | 1 1st Sergt. | |-- 1 1st Sergt. | (Drum Major) | 1 1st Sergt. | 1 Mess Sergt. | 2 Color Sergts. | 1 Mess Sergt. | 3 Regtl. Supply 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Mess Sergt. | 1 Supply Sergt. | Sergts.

1 Stable Sergt. | 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Stable Sergt. | 1 1st Sergt.

5 Sergts. | 1 Stable Sergt. | 2 Horsesh.o.e.rs | 1 Mess Sergt.

8 Corpls. | 1 Sergt. | 5 Sergts. | 1 Stable Sergt.

2 Cooks | 2 Cooks | 6 Corpls. | 1 Corpl.

2 Horsesh.o.e.rs | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r | 2 Cooks | 1 Cook 1 Saddler | 1 Saddler | 1 Mechanic | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r 2 Buglers | 2 Pvts. (1st Cla.s.s)| 1 Saddler | 1 Saddler 10 Pvts. (1st | 9 Pvts. | 2 Buglers | 1 Wagoner for Cla.s.s) | 1 Band leader |12 Pvts. 1st | each 36 Pvts. | 1 a.s.st. Band Leader| Cla.s.s | authorized -- | 1 Sergt. Bugler |35 Pvts. | wagon of the 70 | 2 Band Sergts. |-- | field and -- | 4 Band Corpls. |70 | combat train.

| 2 Musicians, 1st |-- | (The President | Cla.s.s | | may add 10 Pvts. | 4 Musicians, 2nd |(The President | (1st Cla.s.s) and | Cla.s.s |may add 3 | 25 Pvts.--total, |13 Musicians, 3rd |Sergts., 2 | 35) | Cla.s.s |Corpls., 1 | |-- |Mechanic, 1 Pvt. | |54 |1st Cla.s.s, 14 | |-- |Pvts.--total, 21)| | | | |(The President may | | | add 2 Sergts, 5 | | | Corpls., 1 | | | Horsesh.o.e.r, 5 Pvts.| | | 1st Cla.s.s, 18 | | | Pvts.--total, 31) | | -----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------

=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To each Squadron Hdqrs., 6 or 7 riding horses and 2 orderlies; to each squadron; 292 riding horses, 1 wagon and 4 draft mules.

Composition of Field Artillery Units

------------------------+------------------------+----------------------- | Battalion | Battery Regiment | (Gun or Howitzer) | (Gun or Howitzer) ------------------------+------------------------+----------------------- Each | Each | Each ------------------------+------------------------+----------------------- 1 Colonel | 1 Major | 1 Captain 1 Lt. Colonel | 1 Captain | 2 1st Lieuts.

1 Captain | -- | 2 2nd Lieuts.

-- | 2 | -- 3 | -- | 5 -- | | -- | Batteries as follows: | 1 Hdqrs. Co., | | 1 1st Sergt.

1 Supply Co., | Mountain artillery | 1 Supply Sergt.

| battalions and light | 1 Stable Sergt.

And such number of | artillery gun or | 1 Mess Sergt.

guns and howitzer as | howitzer battalions | 6 Sergts.

the President may | serving with the field | 13 Corpls.

direct. | artillery or Infantry | 1 Chief Mechanic | divisions shall contain| 1 Saddler _Attached_ | three batteries; horse | 2 Horsesh.o.e.rs | artillery battalions | 1 Mechanic 1 Major, Med. Dept. | and heavy field | 2 Buglers 3 Capts. or 1st | artillery gun or | 3 Cooks Lieuts., Med. Dept. | howitzer battalions | 22 Pvts., 1st Cla.s.s 1 Chaplain | shall contain two | 71 Pvts.

| batteries. | --- | | 125 | | --- | | | | When no enlisted men | | of the Quartermaster | | Corps are attached for | | such positions there | | shall be added to each | | battery of mountain | | artillery: | | | | 1 Packmaster Sergt., | | 1st Cla.s.s | | 1 a.s.st. Packmaster | | Sergt.

| | 1 Cargador, Corpl.

| | | | (The President may add | | 3 Sergts., 7 Corpls., | | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r, 2 | | Mechanics, 1 Bugler, | | 13 Pvts. 1st Cla.s.s, 37 | | Pvts.--total, 64) ------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------

------------------------------------+------------------------------------ Headquarters Company of Regt., of | 2 battalions | Supply (1) Regt. of 2 Batlns.

------------------------------------+------------------------------------ 1 Captain | 1 Captain 1 1st Lieut. | 1 1st Lieut.

-- | -- 2 | 2 -- | -- | 1 Regtl. Sergt. Major | 2 Regtl. Supply Sergts.

2 Batln. Sergts. Major | 1 1st Sergt.

1 1st Sergt. | 1 Mess Sergt.

2 Color Sergts. | 1 Corpl.

1 Mess Sergt. | 1 Cook 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r 1 Stable Sergt. | 1 Saddler 2 Sergts. | 2 Pvts.

9 Corpls. | 1 Wagoner for each authorized 1 Horsesh.o.e.r | wagon of the field train.

1 Saddler | 1 Mechanic | When Regt. consists of 3 Batlns.

3 Buglers | there shall be added 1 2nd Lieut.

2 Cooks | (1), 1 Regtl. Supply Sergt., 1 5 Pvts. 1st Cla.s.s | Pvt., 1 Wagoner for each 15 Pvts. | additional authorized wagon of the 1 Band leader | field train.

1 a.s.st. Band leader | 1 Sergt. Bugler | (The President may add 1 Corpl., 1 2 Band Sergts. | Cook, 1 Horsesh.o.e.r, 1 4 Band Corpls. | Saddler.--total, 4) 2 Musicians, 1st Cla.s.s | 4 Musicians, 2nd Cla.s.s | Supply Co., of Regt. of 3 Batlns.

13 Musicians, 3rd Cla.s.s | may have added, the same number as -- | given above for Regt. of 2 Batlns.

76 | -- | | When a regiment consists of three | battalions there shall be added to | Hdqrs. Co.: 1 Batln. Sergt. Major, | 1 Sergt., 3 Corpls., 1 Bugler, 1 | Pvt. 1st Cla.s.s, 5 Pvts.--total, 12.| | When no enlisted men of the | Quartermaster Corps are attached | for such positions there shall be | added to each mountain artillery | Hdqrs. Co., | | 1 Packmaster Sergt., 1st Cla.s.s | 1 a.s.st. Packmaster, Sergt. | 1 Cargador, Corpl.--total, 3. | | (The President may add 2 Sergts., | 5 Corpls., 1 Horsesh.o.e.r, 1 | Mechanic, 1 Pvt. 1st Cla.s.s, 6 | Pvts.--total 16 to a regiment of 2 | battalions; and to a regiment of 3 | battalions 1 Sergt., 7 Corpls., | 1 Horsesh.o.e.r, 1 Mechanic, 2 Cooks, | 2 Pvts. 1st Cla.s.s, 7 Pvts.--total, | 21) | ------------------------------------+------------------------------------

=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To Battery Hdqrs., 8 riding horses; to each Battery, 24 riding horses, 88 draft horses, 1 Battery wagon, 1 Store wagon, 8 Caissons and 4 Guns.

PART IX

MAP READING AND MILITARY SKETCHING

CHAPTER I

MAP READING

=1859. Definition of map.= A map is a representation on paper of a certain portion of the earth's surface.

A military map is one that shows the things which are of military importance, such as roads, streams, bridges, houses, depressions, and hills.

=1860. Map reading.= By map reading is meant the ability to get a clear idea of the ground represented by the map,--of being able to _visualize_ the ground so represented.

For some unknown reason, military map reading is generally considered a very difficult matter to master, and the beginner, starting out with this idea, seemingly tries to find it difficult.

However, as a matter of fact, map reading is not difficult, if one goes about learning it in the right way,--that is, by first becoming familiar with scales, contours, conventional signs, and other things that go to make up map making.

Practice is most important in acquiring ability in map reading.

Practice looking at maps and then _visualizing_ the actual country represented on the map.

=1861. Scales.= In order that you may be able to tell the distance between any two points on a map, the map must be drawn to scale,--that is, it must be so drawn that a certain distance on the map, say, one inch, represents a certain distance on the ground, say, one mile. On such a map, then, two inches would represent two miles on the ground; three inches, three miles, and so on. Therefore, we may say--

_The scale of a map is the ratio between actual distances on the ground and those between the same points as represented on the map._

=1862. Methods of representing scales.= There are three ways in which the scale of a map may be represented:

1st. By words and figures, as 3 inches = 1 mile; 1 inch = 200 feet.

2d. By Representative Fraction (abbreviated R. F.), which is a fraction whose numerator represents units of distance on the map and whose denominator, units of distance on the ground.

For example, R. F. = 1 inch (on map)/1 mile (on ground) which is equivalent to R. F. = 1/63360, since 1 mile = 63,360 inches. So the expression, "R. F. 1/63360" on a map merely means that 1 inch on the map represents 63,360 inches (or 1 mile) on the ground. This fraction is usually written with a numerator 1, as above, no definite unit of inches or miles being specified in either the numerator or denominator. In this case the expression means that one unit of distance on the map equals as many of the same units on the ground as are in the denominator. Thus, 1/63360 means that 1 inch on the map = 63,360 inches on the ground, 1 foot on the map = 63,360 feet on the ground; 1 yard on the map = 63,360 yards on the ground, etc.