What Works: Schools Without Drugs Part 18

How the Law Can Help

[1] _Bethel_ v. _Fraser_, No. 84 1667, 54 USLW 5054, 5056 (July 7, 1986).

[2] _New Jersey_ v. _TLO_, 105 S. Ct. 733,742 (1985).

[3] 2 J. Rapp, _Education Law_, -- 9 06[2] at 9-128 (1986).

[4] _See_ 21 USC 845A.

[5] _See_ 21 USC 845.

[6] _See, e.g., Zamora_ v. _Pomeroy_, 639 F2d 662 (10th Cir. 1981) (locker search conducted after trained police dog indicated presence of marijuana inside).

[7] _See, e.g., Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d 470, 476-77 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc) (citing cases and so holding), _cert. denied_, 463 U.S. 1207 (1983).

[8] _New Jersey_ v. _TLO_, 105 S. Ct. at 744.

[9] _Id._ at 743.

[10] _Id._ at 745 47.

[11] _Bahr_ v. _Jenkins_, 539 F Supp. 483, 488 (E.D. Ky., 1982).

[12] _Martens_ v. _District No. 220_, 620 F. Supp. 29 (N.D. 111, 1985).

[13] _See Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d at 477 (1982), _Jones_ v. _Latexo Independent School District_, 499 F.

Supp. 223 (E.D. Tex., 1980).

[14] _See Doe_ v. _Renfrow_, 475 F. Supp. 1012 (N.D. Ind. 1979), _aff'd in relevant part_, 631 F2d 91 (7th Cir.), _cert. denied_, 451 U.S. 1022 (1981).

[15] _Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d at 477.

[16] _See Odenheim_ v. _Carlstadt East Rutherford Regional School District_, No. C-4305-85E (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. December 9, 1985), _Anable_ v. _Ford_, Civ. No. 84 6033 (WD Ark. July 15, 1985), _modified_, (WD Ark. September 6, 1985).

[17] _Bethel School District_ v. _Fraser_, 54 USLW at 5054 (July 7, 1986).

[18] _Goss_ v. _Lopez_, 419 U.S. 565 (1975).

[19] One of the leading cases is _Dixon_ v. _Alabama State Board of Education_, 294 F2d 150 (5th Cir.), _cert. denied_, 368 U.S. 930 (1961).

[20] _See_ Education of the Handicapped Act, 20 USC ---- 1400-20, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 USC -- 794.

[21] _See generally_ 20 USC -- 1232g and 34 C FR Part 99.

[22] The term "education records" is defined as records that are directly related to a student and maintained by or for the education agency or inst.i.tution. The term does not include certain records maintained by a separate law enforcement unit of an education agency.

[23] FERPA permits a school to disclose information from education records to its own officials (including teachers) who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. A school may determine in its FERPA policy that one such interest is the need to decide on the appropriateness of discipline.

[24] An eligible student is a student who is 18 or older or attending an inst.i.tution of postsecondary education.

[25] _See Board of Education_ v. _McCluskey_, 458 U.S. 966, 970-71 (1982) (per cunam), _see also Tarter_ v. _Raybuck_, 742 F2d 977, 983 (6th Cir. 1984), _cert. denied_, 105 S. Ct. 1749 (1985).

[26] _See Harlow_ v. _Fitzgerald_, 457 U.S. 800 (1982), _Wood_ v.

_Strickland_, 420 U.S. 308 (1975). Under these cases, officials will be immune from personal liability so long as their conduct does not violate clearly established const.i.tutional or Federal statutory rights of which a reasonable person should have known.

[27] _Memphis Community School District_ v. _Stachura_, No. 85-410, 54 USLW 4771 (June 25, 1986).

[28] _Carey_ v. _Piphus_, 435 U.S. 247 (1978).

Specific Drugs and Their Effects

Drug Enforcement Administration. _Drugs of Abuse._ U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.

Mann, Peggy. _Pot Safari A Visit to the Top Marijuana Research in the U.S._ New York, NY, Woodmere Press, 1985.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Cocaine Use in America Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspectives._ ADM 85-1414, 1985.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research._ ADM 85-1372, 1984.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Hallucinogens and PCP._ ADM 83-1306, 1983.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Inhalants._ ADM 83-1307, 1983.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Marijuana._ ADM 83-1307, 1983.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _NIDA Capsules_, various issues.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Opiates._ ADM 84-1308, 1984.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Phencyclidine An Update._ ADM 86-1443.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Sedative Hypnotics._ ADM 84-1309, 1984.

National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse. _Stimulants and Cocaine._ ADM 84-1304, 1984.

_Newsweek._ March 17, 1986, page 58.

Tobias, Joyce. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, May, 1986.