The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex Volume I Part 28

[482] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' 1866, p.

238-239.

[483] Quoted by Westwood, 'Modern Cla.s.s. of Insects,' vol. ii.

p. 214.

[484] Pyrodes pulcherrimus, in which the s.e.xes differ conspicuously, has been described by Mr. Bates in 'Transact.

Ent. Soc.' 1869, p. 50. I will specify the few other cases in which I have heard of a difference in colour between the s.e.xes of beetles. Kirby and Spence ('Introduct. to Entomology,' vol.

iii. p. 301) mention a Cantharis, Meloe, Rhagium, and the _Leptura testacea_; the male of the latter being testaceous, with a black thorax, and the female of a dull red all over.

These two latter beetles belong to the Order of Longicorns.

Messrs. R. Trimen and Waterhouse, junr., inform me of two Lamellicorns, viz., a Peritrichia and Trichius, the male of the latter being more obscurely coloured than the female. In _Tillus elongatus_ the male is black, and the female always, as it is believed, of a dark blue colour with a red thorax. The male, also, of _Orsodacna atra_, as I hear from Mr. Walsh, is black, the female (the so-called _O. ruficollis_) having a rufous thorax.

[485] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 228.

[486] Kirby and Spence, 'Introduct. Entomolog.' vol. iii. p.

300.

[487] Kirby and Spence, ibid. vol. iii. p. 329.

[488] 'Modern Cla.s.sification of Insects,' vol. i. p. 172. On the same page there is an account of Siagonium. In the British Museum I noticed one male specimen of Siagonium in an intermediate condition, so that the dimorphism is not strict.

[489] 'The Malay Archipelago,' vol. ii. 1869, p. 276.

[490] 'Entomological Magazine,' vol. i. 1833, p. 82. See also on the conflicts of this species, Kirby and Spence, ibid. vol.

iii. p. 314; and Westwood, ibid. vol. i. p. 187.

[491] Quoted from Fischer, in 'Dict. Cla.s.s. d'Hist. Nat.' tom.

x. p. 324.

[492] 'Ann. Soc. Entomolog. France,' 1866, as quoted in 'Journal of Travel,' by A. Murray, 1868, p. 135.

[493] Westwood, 'Modern Cla.s.s.' vol. i. p. 184.

[494] Wollaston, On certain musical Curculionidae, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. vi. 1860, p. 14.

[495] 'Zeitschrift fur wiss. Zoolog.' B. xvii. 1867, s. 127.

[496] I am greatly indebted to Mr. G. R. Crotch for having sent me numerous prepared specimens of various beetles belonging to these three families and others, as well as for valuable information of all kinds. He believes that the power of stridulation in the Clythra has not been previously observed. I am also much indebted to Mr. E. W. Janson, for information and specimens. I may add that my son, Mr. F. Darwin, finds that _Dermestes murinus_ stridulates, but he searched in vain for the apparatus. Scolytus has lately been described by Mr. Algen as a stridulator, in the 'Edinburgh Monthly Magazine,' 1869, Nov., p. 130.

[497] Schiodte, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.'

vol. xx. 1867, p. 37.

[498] Westring has described (Kroyer, 'Naturhist. Tidskrift,'

B. ii. 1848-49, p. 334) the stridulating organs in these two, as well as in other families. In the Carabidae I have examined _Elaphrus uliginosus_ and _Blethisa multipunctata_, sent to me by Mr. Crotch. In Blethisa the transverse ridges on the furrowed border of the abdominal segment do not come into play, as far as I could judge, in sc.r.a.ping the rasps on the elytra.

[499] I am indebted to Mr. Walsh, of Illinois, for having sent me extracts from Leconte's 'Introduction to Entomology,' p.

101, 143.

[500] M. P. de la Brulerie, as quoted in 'Journal of Travel,'

A. Murray, vol. i. 1868, p. 135.

[501] Mr. Doubleday informs me that "the noise is produced by the insect raising itself on its legs as high as it can, and then sinking its thorax five or six times, in rapid succession, against the substance upon which it is sitting." For references on this subject see Landois, 'Zeitschrift fur wissen. Zoolog.'

B. xvii. s. 131. Olivier says (as quoted by Kirby and Spence, 'Introduct.' vol. ii. p. 395) that the female of _Pimelia striata_ produces a rather loud sound by striking her abdomen against any hard substance, "and that the male, obedient to this call, soon attends her and they pair."

[502] Apatura Iris: 'The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer,'

1859, p. 139. For the Bornean b.u.t.terflies see C. Collingwood, 'Rambles of a Naturalist,' 1868, p. 183.

[503] See my 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 33. Mr.

Doubleday has detected ('Proc. Ent. Soc.' March 3rd, 1845, p.

123) a peculiar membranous sac at the base of the front wings, which is probably connected with the production of the sound.

[504] See also Mr. Bates' paper in 'Proc. Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia,' 1865, p. 206. Also Mr. Wallace on the same subject, in regard to Diadema, in 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc. of London,' 1869, p. 278.

[505] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. 1863, p. 19.

[506] See the interesting article in the 'Westminster Review,'

July, 1867, p. 10. A woodcut of the Kallima is given by Mr.

Wallace in Hardwicke's 'Science Gossip,' Sept. 1867, p. 196.

[507] See the interesting observations by Mr. T. W. Wood, 'The Student,' Sept. 1868, p. 81.

[508] Mr. Wallace in 'Hardwicke's Science Gossip,' Sept. 1867, p. 193.

[509] See also, on this subject, Mr. Weir's paper in 'Transact.

Ent. Soc.' 1869, p. 23.

[510] 'Westminster Review,' July, 1867, p. 16.

[511] For instance, Lithosia; but Prof. Westwood ('Modern Cla.s.s. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 390) seems surprised at this case. On the relative colours of diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera, see ibid. p. 333 and 392; also Harris, 'Treatise on the Insects of New England,' 1842, p. 315.

[512] Such differences between the upper and lower surfaces of the wings of several species of Papilio, may be seen in the beautiful plates to Mr. Wallace's Memoir on the Papilionidae of the Malayan Region, in 'Transact. Linn. Soc.' vol. xxv. part i.

1865.

[513] 'Proc. Ent. Soc.' March 2nd, 1868.

[514] See also an account of the S. American genus Erateina (one of the Geometrae) in 'Transact. Ent. Soc.' new series, vol.

v. pl. xv. and xvi.

[515] 'Proc. Ent. Soc. of London,' July 6, 1868, p. xxvii.

[516] Harris, 'Treatise,' &c., edited by Flint, 1862, p. 395.

[517] For instance, I observe in my son's cabinet that the males are darker than the females in the _Lasiocampa quercus_, _Odonestis potatoria_, _Hypogymna dispar_, _Dasychira pudibunda_, and _Cycnia mendica_. In this latter species the difference in colour between the two s.e.xes is strongly marked; and Mr. Wallace informs me that we here have, as he believes, an instance of protective mimickry confined to one s.e.x, as will hereafter be more fully explained. The white female of the Cycnia resembles the very common _Spilosoma menthrasti_, both s.e.xes of which are white; and Mr. Stainton observed that this latter moth was rejected with utter disgust by a whole brood of young turkeys, which were fond of eating other moths; so that if the Cycnia was commonly mistaken by British birds for the Spilosoma, it would escape being devoured, and its white deceptive colour would thus be highly beneficial.

[518] 'Rambles of a Naturalist in the Chinese Seas,' 1868, p.

182.

[519] Wallace on the Papilionidae of the Malayan Region, in 'Transact. Linn. Soc.' vol. xxv. 1865, p. 8, 36. A striking case of a rare variety, strictly intermediate between two other well-marked female varieties, is given by Mr. Wallace. See also Mr. Bates, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.' Nov. 19th, 1866, p. xl.