Studies in Old Testament History Part 8

2. Dav. Achiev. 1.) Uni. tri. 2.) Sub. la. 3.) Org. gov.

4.) Est. ar. 5.) Est. rel. 6.) Conq. surr. nat. 7.) Rei. theo.

kin.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

What event marks an epoch in Israelite history? What were the causes leading to the monarchy? What events in the period of the judges show a tendency toward settled government? What changes in government in the surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in Israel? From what source did external danger lead the Israelites to desire a king? How had Samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom? What worldly spirit promoted the same result?

What kind of a kingdom did G.o.d intend for Israel? What is a theocratic kingdom? Wherein was Israel an exception among Oriental kingdoms? By what inst.i.tution was the kingdom regulated? Name some instances of prophets rebuking kings.

Into what two parts may Saul's reign be divided? Wherein was Saul a failure? How did he fail in gaining and holding friends?

What was the condition of Israel when David came to the throne? What were the achievements of David? What great incomplete work did David finish? What did he do in the organization of his kingdom? What was the arrangement of his army? What were his services to the cause of religion? What nations did he conquer? What was the extent of his empire? In what spirit did he rule?

Subjects for Special Papers.

HOW THE REPUBLIC BECAME A MONARCHY.

THE EARLY LIFE OF DAVID.

DAVID AS HERO, STATESMAN, AND POET.

DAVID'S TRAINING FOR THE THRONE.

SAMUEL, THE FOUNDER OF THE PROPHETIC ORDER.

THE CAUSES AND RESULTS OF ABSALOM'S REBELLION.

FOOTNOTE:

[G] With regard to David's crimes against Uriah and his wife, note that no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or would have cared for it afterward; while David submitted to the prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and showed every token of a true repentance.

SIXTH STUDY.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISRAEL.

The reign of Solomon (B. C. 1015-975) may be regarded as the culminating period in the history of Israel. But, strictly speaking, the latter part of David's reign and only the former part of Solomon's const.i.tute "the golden age of Israel;" for Solomon's later years manifested a decline, which after his death rapidly grew to a fall.

I. =THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.=

1. =His claim to the throne.= He was one of the youngest of David's sons, the second child of Bath-sheba, born during the culmination of David's reign (1 Chron. 22. 7-9). He obtained the throne by the decree of David, by the choice of G.o.d, as the one among David's children best fitted to reign (1 Chron. 28. 5, 6). The principle of primogeniture, or the special right of the eldest son, was not fixed in those times.

2. =His accession= was marked by the execution of three men, Adonijah (1 Kings 2. 24, 25), Joab (1 Kings 2. 28-34), and s.h.i.+mei (1 Kings 2.

36-46). Two of these had conspired against him, and the third was the last survivor of the house of Saul, and a possible rival for the throne.

Their death was dictated by policy, and probably by justice. His throne would not be secure while these men lived.

3. =His empire= embraced all the lands from the Red Sea to the Euphrates, and from the Mediterranean to the Syrian desert, except Phenicia, which was isolated by the Lebanon Mountains. 1.) Besides Palestine he ruled over Edom, Moab, Ammon, Syria (here referring to the district having Damascus as its capital), Zobah, and Hamath. 2.) On the Gulf of Akaba, Ezion-geber was his southern port (1 Kings 9. 26); on the Mediterranean, Gaza (Azzah) was his limit; in the extreme north, Tiphsah, by the Euphrates (1 Kings 4. 24); in the desert, Tadmor, afterward Palmyra (1 Kings 9. 18).

4. =His foreign relations= were extensive, for the first and only time in the history of Israel. 1.) His earliest treaty was _with Tyre_ (Phenicia), whose king had been his father's friend (1 Kings 5. 1). What this alliance brought to Solomon (1 Kings 5. 6-10; 2 Chron. 2. 3-14).

2.) His relations _with Egypt_; in commerce (1 Kings 10. 28, 29); in marriage, a bold departure from Israelite customs (1 Kings 3. 1).

Probably Psalm 45 was written upon this event. 3.) _With Arabia_, the land bordering on the southern end of the Red Sea (1 Kings 10. 1-10, 14, 15). 4.) _With India_, which is probably referred to in 1 Kings 9.

26-28. 5.) _With Spain_, probably meant in 1 Kings 10. 22.

5. =His buildings.= 1.) Of these the greatest, the most costly, and the most famous was _the temple_ (1 Kings 6. 1). With this building notice: (_a_) The courts and open square, with an inner court inside for the priests only (2 Chron 4. 9). (_b_) The porch (2 Chron 3. 4). (_c_) The holy place (2 Chron. 3. 8; 1 Kings 6. 17). (_d_) The holy of holies (1 Kings 6. 19, 20). (_e_) The chambers for the priests (1 Kings 6. 5, 6).

2.) _His own palace_, situated south of the temple precincts, in the district called Ophel. Its name derived from its columned entrance (1 Kings 7. 1, 2). 3.) _His fortified cities_ (1 Kings 9. 17-19). 4.) _His aqueducts_, some of which may still be seen (Eccl. 2. 4-6). No King of Israel ever built so many public works as did Solomon.

6. But all was not bright in the reign of Solomon. We must notice also =his sins=, for they wrought great results of evil in the after years.

1.) That which led to all his other sins was _foreign marriages_ (1 Kings 11. 1-4). These were the natural and inevitable result of his foreign relations, and were probably effected for political reasons as well as to add to the splendor of his court. 2.) His _toleration of idolatry_, perhaps actual partic.i.p.ation in it (1 Kings 11. 5-8). We cannot over-estimate the harm of Solomon's influence in this direction.

At once it allied him with the lower and evil elements in the nation, and lost to him the sympathy of all the earnest souls.[H] 3.) Another of Solomon's sins, not named in Scripture, but referred to in many legends of the East, was his _devotion to magical arts_. He appears in Oriental traditions as the great master of forces in the invisible world, engaging in practices forbidden by the law of Moses (Lev. 19. 31; Deut.

18. 10, 11).

II. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL IN THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.=

1. =It was a period of peace.= For sixty years there were no wars. This gave opportunity for development, for wealth, and for culture.

2. =It was a period of strong government.= The age of individual and tribal energy was ended, and now all the life of the nation was gathered around the throne. All the tribes were held under one strong hand; tribal lines were ignored in the government of the empire (1 Kings 4.

7-19); every department was organized.

3. =It was a period of wide empire.= It was Israel's opportunity for power in the East; for the old Chaldean empire had broken up, the new a.s.syrian empire had not arisen, and Egypt was pa.s.sing through a change of rulers and was weak. For one generation Israel held the supremacy in the Oriental world.

4. =It was a period of abundant wealth.= (1 Kings 3. 12, 13; 4. 20; 10.

23, 27.) The sources of this wealth were: 1.) The _conquests_ of David, who had plundered many nations and left his acc.u.mulated riches to Solomon (1 Chron. 22. 14-16). 2.) The _tribute_ of the subject kingdoms, doubtless heavy (1 Kings 10. 25). 3.) _Commerce_ with foreign countries, Egypt, Arabia, Tars.h.i.+sh, and Ophir, in ancient times was not carried on by private enterprise, but by the government. The _trade_ of the East from Egypt and Tyre pa.s.sed through Solomon's dominions, enriching the land. 4.) There were also _taxes_ laid upon the people (1 Kings 4. 7; 12. 4). 5.) The erection of _public buildings_ must have enriched many private citizens and made money plenty.

5. =It was a period of literary activity.= The books written during this epoch were Samuel, Psalms (in part), Proverbs (in part), and perhaps Ecclesiastes and Solomon's Song. Not all the writings of Solomon have been preserved (1 Kings 4. 32, 33).

III. =DANGERS OF THE PERIOD.= There was an Arabian tradition that in Solomon's staff, on which he leaned, there was a worm secretly gnawing it asunder. So there were elements of destruction under all the splendor of Solomon's throne.

1. =The absolute power of the king.= David had maintained the theocratic const.i.tution of the state; Solomon set it aside and ruled with absolute power in all departments. He a.s.sumed priestly functions (1 Kings 8. 22, 54, 64); he abolished tribal boundaries in his administration (1 Kings 4. 7-19); he ignored both priests and prophets, and concentrated all rule in his own person.

2. =The formal character of the wors.h.i.+p.= There was a magnificent temple and a gorgeous ritual, but none of the warmth and personal devotion which characterized the wors.h.i.+p of David. The fervor of the Davidic psalms is wanting in the literature of Solomon's age.

3. =Luxury and corruption of morals.= These are the inevitable results of abundant riches and worldly a.s.sociation. We do not need the warnings in Prov. 2. 16-19; 5. 3-6, etc., to know that a flood of immorality swept over Jerusalem and Israel.

4. =The burden of taxation.= With a splendid court, an immense harem, and a wealthy n.o.bility came high prices and high taxes; the rich growing richer rapidly, the poor becoming poorer. The events of the next reign show how heavy and unendurable these burdens grew.

5. =Heathen customs.= With the foreign peoples came the toleration of idolatry, its encouragement, and all the abominations connected with it.

Jeroboam could not have established his new religion (1 Kings 12. 28) if Solomon had not already patronized idol-wors.h.i.+p.

6. Underlying all was the old =tribal jealousy= of Ephraim and Judah, fostered by an able leader (1 Kings 11. 26), ready to break out in due time, and to destroy the empire.

After all, it is uncertain whether the reign of Solomon was a golden or only a gilded age.

Blackboard Outline.

=I. Rei. Sol.= 1. Cl. thr. 2. Acc. 3. Emp. [Lands. Cities] 4. For.

rel. 1.) Ty. 2.) Eg. 3.) Ar. 4.) Ind. 5.) Sp. 5. Buil. 1.) Tem. 2.) Pal. 3.) For. cit. 4.) Aque. 6. Sins 1.) For. mar.

2.) Tol. idol. 3.) Mag.