Graded Lessons in English Part 25

LESSON 61.

THE NOUN CLAUSE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--_That stars are suns is taught by astronomers_. What is taught by astronomers? +P+.--That stars are suns.

+T+.--What then is the subject of _is taught_? +P+.--The clause, _That stars are suns_. +T+.--This clause then performs the office of what part of speech? +P+.--Of a noun.

+T+.--_Astronomers teach that stars are suns_. What do astronomers teach?

+P+.--That stars are suns. +T+.--What is the object complement of _teach_?

+P+.--The clause, _that stars are suns_. +T+.--What office then does this clause perform? +P+.--That of a noun.

+T+.--_The teaching of astronomers is, that stars are suns_. What does _is_ a.s.sert of teaching? +P+.--That stars are suns. +T+.--What then is the attribute complement? +P+.--_That stars are suns_. +T+.--Does this complement express the quality of the subject, or does it name the same thing that the subject names? +P+.--It names the same thing that the subject names. +T+.--It is equivalent then to what part of speech? +P+.--To a noun.

+T+.--You see then that a clause, like a noun, may be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence.

a.n.a.lysis and Parsing.

+Model+.--

That ------ '

stars | are 'suns =======|============ | | | / | is taught ================|============ | by astronomers --------------

You will understand this diagram from the explanation of the second diagram in Lesson 49.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+.--This is a complex sentence, in which the whole sentence takes the place of the independent clause. _That stars are suns_ is the dependent clause. _That stars are suns_ is the subject of the whole sentence, etc. ----. _That_ simply introduces the dependent clause.

In _parsing_, call _that_ a conjunction.

1. That the Scotch are an intelligent people is generally acknowledged.

2. That the moon is made of green cheese is believed by some boys and girls.

3. That Julius Caesar invaded Britain is a historic fact.

4. That children should obey their parents is a divine precept.

5. I know that my Redeemer liveth.

6. Plato taught that the soul is immortal.

7. Peter denied that he knew his Lord.

8. Mahomet found that the mountain would not move.

9. The principle maintained by the colonies was, that taxation without representation is unjust.

10. Our intention is, that this work shall be well done.

11. Our hearts' desire and prayer is, that you may be saved.

12. The belief of the Sadducees was, that there is no resurrection of the dead.

LESSON 62.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

a.n.a.lYSIS AND PARSING.

+DEFINITION.--A _Compound Sentence_ is one composed of two or more independent clauses+.

+Model+.--_War has ceased, and peace has come_.

War | has ceased =======|============= | '

' and '.....

peace | has ' come =========|=============== |

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--These two clause diagrams are shaded alike to show that the two clauses are of the same rank. The connecting line is not slanting, for one clause is not a modifier of the other. As one entire clause is connected with the other, the connecting line is drawn between the predicates simply for convenience.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+.--This is a _compound sentence_, because it is made up of two independent clauses. The first clause, etc. ----.

1. Morning dawns, and the clouds disperse.

2. Prayer leads the heart to G.o.d, and he always listens.

3. A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger.

4. Power works easily, but fretting is a perpetual confession of weakness.

5. Many meet the G.o.ds, but few salute them.

6. We eat to live, but we do not live to eat.

7. The satellites revolve in orbits around the planets, and the planets move in orbits around the sun.

8. A wise son maketh a glad father, but a foolish son is the heaviness of his mother.

9. Every man desires to live long, but no man would be old.

10. [Footnote: A verb is to be supplied in each of the last three sentences.] Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.

11. Towers are measured by their shadows, and great men, by their calumniators.

12. Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow.

LESSON 63.

SENTENCES CLa.s.sIFIED WITH RESPECT TO THEIR MEANING.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--You have already become acquainted with three kinds of sentences. Can you name them?

+P+.--The Simple sentence, the Complex, and the Compound.

+T+.--These cla.s.ses have been made with regard to the _form_ of the sentence. We will now arrange sentences in cla.s.ses with regard to their _meaning_.

_Mary sings. Does Mary sing? Sing, Mary. How Mary sings!_ Here are four simple sentences. Do they all _mean_ the same thing?

+P+.--They do not.

+T+.--Well, you see they differ. Let me tell you wherein. The first one tells a fact, the second asks a question, the third expresses a command, and the fourth expresses sudden thought or strong feeling. We call the first a +Declarative sentence+, the second an +Interrogative sentence+, the third an +Imperative sentence+, and the fourth an +Exclamatory sentence+.

+DEFINITION.--A _Declarative Sentence_ is one that is used to affirm or to deny+.

+DEFINITION.--An _Interrogative Sentence_ is one that expresses a question+.