Graded Lessons in English Part 30

+Adverbs of Manner are those that generally answer the question+, In what way?_

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Place the following adverbs in the four cla.s.ses we have made--if the cla.s.sification be perfect, there will be five words in each column--then build each adverb into a simple sentence.

Partly, only, too, wisely, now, here, when, very, well, where, n.o.bly, already, seldom, more, ably, away, always, not, there, out.

Some adverbs, as you have already learned, modify two verbs, and thus connect the two clauses in which these verbs occur. Such adverbs are called _+Conjunctive Adverbs+_.

The following _dependent_ clauses are introduced by _conjunctive adverbs_.

Build them into complex sentences by supplying _independent clauses_.

------ _when_ the ice is smooth; ------ _while_ we sleep; ------ _before_ winter comes; ------ _where_ the reindeer lives; ------ _wherever_ you go.

LESSON 76.

CLa.s.sES OF CONJUNCTIONS. [Footnote: For cla.s.sified lists, see pp. 190,191.]

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--_Frogs, antelopes, and kangaroos can jump_.

Here the three nouns are of the same rank in the sentence. All are subjects of _can jump. War has ceased, and peace has come_. In this compound sentence, there are two clauses of the same rank. The word _and_ connects the subjects of _can jump_, in the first sentence: and the two clauses, in the second. All words that connect words, phrases, or clauses of the _same rank_ are called +Co-ordinate Conjunctions+.

_If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. I will go, because you need me_. Here _if_ joins the clause, _you have tears_, as a modifier, expressing condition, to the independent clause, _prepare to shed them now;_ and _because_ connects _you need me_, as a modifier, expressing reason or cause, to the independent clause, _I will go_. These and all such conjunctions as connect dependent clauses to clauses of a _higher rank_ are called +Subordinate Conjunctions+.

Let the teacher ill.u.s.trate the meaning and use of the words _subordinate_ and _co-ordinate_.

DEFINITIONS.

+_Co-ordinate Conjunctions_ are such as connect words, phrases, or clauses of the same rank+.

+_Subordinate Conjunctions_ are such as connect clauses of different rank+.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Build four short sentences for each of the three _co-ordinate conjunctions_ that follow. In the first, let the conjunction be used to connect princ.i.p.al parts of a sentence; in the second, to connect word modifiers; in the third, to connect phrase modifiers; and in the fourth, to connect independent clauses.

And, or, but.

Write four short complex sentences containing the four _subordinate conjunctions_ that follow. Let the first be used to introduce a noun clause, and the other three to connect adverb clauses to independent clauses.

That, for, if, because.

LESSON 77.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

What new subject begins with page 95? Name and define the different cla.s.ses of nouns. Ill.u.s.trate by examples the difference between common nouns and proper nouns. Name and define the different cla.s.ses of p.r.o.nouns. Can the p.r.o.noun _I_ be used to stand for the one spoken to?--the one spoken of?

Does the relative p.r.o.noun distinguish by its _form_ the speaker, the one spoken to, and the one spoken of? Ill.u.s.trate. Can any other cla.s.s of p.r.o.nouns be used to connect clauses?

For what do interrogative p.r.o.nouns stand? Ill.u.s.trate. Where may the antecedent of an interrogative p.r.o.noun generally be found? _Ans.--The antecedent of an interrogative p.r.o.noun may generally lie found in the answer to the question_.

Name and define the different cla.s.ses of adjectives. Give an example of each cla.s.s. Name and define the different cla.s.ses of verbs, made with respect to their meaning. Give an example of each cla.s.s. Name and define the different cla.s.ses of verbs, made with respect to their form. Give an example of each cla.s.s.

Name and define the different cla.s.ses of adverbs. Give examples of each kind. Name and define the different cla.s.ses of conjunctions. Ill.u.s.trate by examples.

Are prepositions and interjections subdivided? (See "Schemes" for the conjunction, the preposition, and the interjection, p. 188.)

+To the Teacher+.--See COMPOSITION EXERCISES in the Supplement-- Selection from Dr. John Brown.

We suggest that other selections from literature be made and these exercises continued.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

LESSON 78.

NOUNS AND p.r.o.nOUNS.

You have learned that two words may express a thought, and that the thought may be varied by adding modifying words. You are now to learn that the meaning or use of a word may sometimes be changed by simply changing its _form_. The English language has lost many of its inflections, or forms, so that frequently changes in the meaning and use of words are not marked by changes in form. These _changes_ in the _form, meaning_, and _use_ of the parts of speech, we call their +Modifications+.

_The boy shouts. The boys shout_. I have changed the form of the subject _boy_ by adding an _s_ to it. The meaning has changed. _Boy_ denotes _one_ lad; _boys_, _two or more_ lads. This change in the form and meaning of nouns is called +Number+. The word _boy_, denoting one thing, is in the +Singular Number;+ and _boys_, denoting more than one thing, is in the +Plural Number+.

Let the teacher write other nouns on the board, and require the pupils to form the plural of them.

DEFINITIONS.

+_Modifications of the Parts of Speech_ are changes in their form, meaning, and use+.

NUMBER.

+_Number_ is that modification of a noun or p.r.o.noun which denotes one thing or more than one+.

+The _Singular Number_ denotes one thing+.

+The _Plural Number_ denotes more than one thing+.

+RULE.--The _plural_ of nouns is regularly formed by adding _s_ to the singular+.